Chapter 9 - Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Flashcards
antimicrobial drug synthesized in a lab not a natural product
synthetic drug
chemical agents are used to treat blank
disease
a natural antimicrobial compound made by one organism which kills and or inhibits microbes
antibiotic
a natural antibiotic that is modified in a lab
semi synthetic drugs
the most blank antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents are the blank agents
efficacious, antimicrobial
ability of drug to kill or inhibit pathogen while damaging host as little as possible
selective toxicity
drug level required for clinical treatment
therapeutic dose
drug level at which drug becomes too toxic for patient
toxic dose
ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose
therapeutic index
undesirable effects of drugs on host cells
side effects
attack only a few different pathogens
narrow spectrum drugs
attack many different pathogens
broad spectrum drugs
lowest concentration of drug that inhibits growth of pathogen
minimal inhibitory
two groups of antibacterial drugs
inhibitors of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis inhibitors, metabolic antagonists of key metabolic pathways, nucleic acid synthesis inhibition
these are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis
penicillin
penicillins prevent the synthesis of complete blank which leads to blank of the cell
cell walls, lysis
structurally and functionally similar to penicillin
cephalosporins
vancomycin and teicoplanin are blank antibiotics
glycopeptide
glycopeptide antibiotics blank cell wall synthesis
inhibit
these antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis
aminoglycosides
all have four ring structure which a variety of side chains are attached
tetracyclines
this is broad spectrum and usually bacteriostatic and inhibits peptide chain elongation
macrolides
antagonize or block nonfunctioning of metabolic pathways by competitively inhibiting the use of metabolites by key enzymes
metabolic antagonists
this is used for the synthesis of folic acid and made by many pathogens
paba
synthetic antibacterial that also interferes with folic acid and is broad spectrum
trimethoprim
synthetic drugs that inhibit bacterial dna gyrase and topoisomerase II and is broad spectrum
quinolones
fewer effective agents because of similarity of eukaryotic fungal cells and human cells
antifungal drugs
antifungal drugs are much less blank than other drugs
efficacious
infections of epidermis
superficial mycoses
mycoses disrupt blank and inhibit sterol synthesis
membrane permeability
systemic mycoses are difficult to blank and can be blank
control, fatal
antiviral drugs are not as blank as antibacterial drugs
efficacious
there are not many natural blank drugs
antiviral
viruses blank very quickly
mutate
know antibacterial drugs only
okay
development of resistance to a drug or drugs in a previously susceptible population
acquired drug resistance
resistance mutants arise blank and then are selected for
spontaneously
a MRSA is a staph aureus that developed resistance to blank
vancomycin
pump drug out of cell method of resistance to antibiotic
drug efflux
two mechanisms of drug resistnace
modification of target enzyme, inactivation of drug, drug efflux, prevent drug entrance
resistance genes that exist in nature to protect antibiotic producing microbes from their own antibiotics
immunity genes
transferred immunity genes from antibiotic producers to non producing microbes
horizontal gene transfer
resistance genes can be found on blank
bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, transposons, integrons
resistance genes can be spread blank
horizontally
resistance results from rare spontaneous mutations which usually result in a change in the drug target
chromosomal genes
resistance plasmids that can be transferred via conjugation
r plasmids
these contain genes for antibiotic resistance - some have multiple resistance genes
composite transposons
