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Microbiology > Chapter 9 - Antimicrobial Chemotherapy > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

antimicrobial drug synthesized in a lab not a natural product

A

synthetic drug

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1
Q

chemical agents are used to treat blank

A

disease

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2
Q

a natural antimicrobial compound made by one organism which kills and or inhibits microbes

A

antibiotic

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3
Q

a natural antibiotic that is modified in a lab

A

semi synthetic drugs

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4
Q

the most blank antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents are the blank agents

A

efficacious, antimicrobial

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5
Q

ability of drug to kill or inhibit pathogen while damaging host as little as possible

A

selective toxicity

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6
Q

drug level required for clinical treatment

A

therapeutic dose

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7
Q

drug level at which drug becomes too toxic for patient

A

toxic dose

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8
Q

ratio of toxic dose to therapeutic dose

A

therapeutic index

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9
Q

undesirable effects of drugs on host cells

A

side effects

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10
Q

attack only a few different pathogens

A

narrow spectrum drugs

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11
Q

attack many different pathogens

A

broad spectrum drugs

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12
Q

lowest concentration of drug that inhibits growth of pathogen

A

minimal inhibitory

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13
Q

two groups of antibacterial drugs

A

inhibitors of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis inhibitors, metabolic antagonists of key metabolic pathways, nucleic acid synthesis inhibition

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14
Q

these are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis

A

penicillin

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15
Q

penicillins prevent the synthesis of complete blank which leads to blank of the cell

A

cell walls, lysis

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16
Q

structurally and functionally similar to penicillin

A

cephalosporins

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17
Q

vancomycin and teicoplanin are blank antibiotics

A

glycopeptide

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18
Q

glycopeptide antibiotics blank cell wall synthesis

A

inhibit

19
Q

these antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis

A

aminoglycosides

20
Q

all have four ring structure which a variety of side chains are attached

A

tetracyclines

21
Q

this is broad spectrum and usually bacteriostatic and inhibits peptide chain elongation

A

macrolides

22
Q

antagonize or block nonfunctioning of metabolic pathways by competitively inhibiting the use of metabolites by key enzymes

A

metabolic antagonists

23
Q

this is used for the synthesis of folic acid and made by many pathogens

A

paba

24
Q

synthetic antibacterial that also interferes with folic acid and is broad spectrum

A

trimethoprim

25
Q

synthetic drugs that inhibit bacterial dna gyrase and topoisomerase II and is broad spectrum

A

quinolones

26
Q

fewer effective agents because of similarity of eukaryotic fungal cells and human cells

A

antifungal drugs

27
Q

antifungal drugs are much less blank than other drugs

A

efficacious

28
Q

infections of epidermis

A

superficial mycoses

29
Q

mycoses disrupt blank and inhibit sterol synthesis

A

membrane permeability

30
Q

systemic mycoses are difficult to blank and can be blank

A

control, fatal

31
Q

antiviral drugs are not as blank as antibacterial drugs

A

efficacious

32
Q

there are not many natural blank drugs

A

antiviral

33
Q

viruses blank very quickly

A

mutate

34
Q

know antibacterial drugs only

A

okay

35
Q

development of resistance to a drug or drugs in a previously susceptible population

A

acquired drug resistance

36
Q

resistance mutants arise blank and then are selected for

A

spontaneously

37
Q

a MRSA is a staph aureus that developed resistance to blank

A

vancomycin

38
Q

pump drug out of cell method of resistance to antibiotic

A

drug efflux

39
Q

two mechanisms of drug resistnace

A

modification of target enzyme, inactivation of drug, drug efflux, prevent drug entrance

40
Q

resistance genes that exist in nature to protect antibiotic producing microbes from their own antibiotics

A

immunity genes

41
Q

transferred immunity genes from antibiotic producers to non producing microbes

A

horizontal gene transfer

42
Q

resistance genes can be found on blank

A

bacterial chromosomes, plasmids, transposons, integrons

43
Q

resistance genes can be spread blank

A

horizontally

44
Q

resistance results from rare spontaneous mutations which usually result in a change in the drug target

A

chromosomal genes

45
Q

resistance plasmids that can be transferred via conjugation

A

r plasmids

46
Q

these contain genes for antibiotic resistance - some have multiple resistance genes

A

composite transposons

Microbiology (26 decks)

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