Chapter 3 - Cell Structure of Prokaryotes Flashcards
two domains of prokarya
Bacteria, Archaea
most prokaryotes lack internal blank systems
membrane
prokaryote size ranges from .2 micrometers to 700 micrometers
true
cell shape
morphology
spherical or ovoid cell shape
coccus
cylindrical shape of cell
bacillus
chains of cocci
streptococcus
4 cocci
tetrad
2 cocci
diplococcus
grape like clusters cocci
staphylcocci
cubic configuration of 8 cocci all perpendicular to each other
sarcinae
2 bacilli
diplobacilli
chains of bacilli
streptobacilli
several parallel cells along long axis
pallisade
resemble rods, comma shapes
vibrio
rigid helices shape
spirilla
network of long, multinucleate filamentous cells
mycelium
organisms that are variable in shape
pleomorphic
small cells tend to grow blank than larger ones
quicker
surface to volume ratios determine amount of blank that can be exchanged
nutrients
structures exterior to cell wall, cell wall, and cell membrane makes up the blank of the prokaryote
cell envelope
vital barrier that separates cytoplasm from environment
cell membrane
cell membrane has these functions
regulates transport, regulates proteins
fluid mosaic model of membrane structure means that the membrane is blank and blank
fluid, solid
absolute requirement for all living organisms
cell membrane
some bacteria have blank membrane systems
internal
membranes consist of blank bilayer plus proteins and maybe blank but no blank
phospholipid, hopanoids, sterols
prokaryotes do not have blank in their membranes but eukaryotes do
carbohydrates
loosely connected proteins to membrane on cytoplasmic side
peripheral
amphipathic membrane protein that is embedded within membrane and project outware or inward
integral
membrane protein that goes completely across the membrane from one side to another
transmembrane
in prokaryotes, cell membrane does energy blank but doesn’t in eukaryotes
metabolism
fluidity of cell membrane is controlled by blank
temperature
membrane gets too cold
solidification
membrane gets too hot
thermal lysis
when membrane is cold it adds more blank fatty acids to blank van der Waals forces
unsaturated, minimize
when membrane is hot is loses more blank fatty acids to blank van der Waals forces
unsaturated, maximize
transport where ligand binds specific protein receptors on cell surface
receptor-mediated transport
receptor mediated transport is blank selective
highly
simultaneous transport and chemical modification of transported substance
group translocation
most prokaryotes have this and it is structured of polysaccharides and peptides or protein
cell walls
cell wall function is to prevent blank
osmotic lysis
this breaks the bond between N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in cell walls in blank solution
lysozome, hypotonic
this inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis in cell wall in blank solution
penicillin, hypotonic
this does not produce a cell wall and hyper regulates internal solute concentration
mycoplasma
spheroplasts are gram blank
negative
protoplasts are gram blank
positive
stains purple; thick layer of blank
gram positive, peptidoglycan
stains red with thin layer of blank
gram negative, peptidoglycan
a structural polymer with identical subunits forming long strands
peptidoglycan structure
in gram negative, crosslinks are blank between amino acids in the tetrapeptide
directly
in gram positive, crosslinks often have a blank to connect
bridge
gram positive cell walls are about 90 percent blank
peptidoglycan
gram positive cell walls also have blank which projects out of cell membrane
teichoic acid
teichoic acids help maintain blank, may bind to blank cells, and may store blank
cell envelope, host, PO4
lies between plasma membrane and cell wall and is smaller than that of gram negative bacteria
periplasmic space in gram positive
these cell walls are blank complex than gram positive
more
only about 10 percent of blank in gram negative cell walls
peptidoglycan
there are many blank present in periplasm of gram blank
enzymes, negative
these connect outer membrane to peptidoglycan
Braun’s lipoproteins
this contributes to negative charge on cell surface and consists of three parts
lipopolysaccharide
LPS helps stabilize outer blank structure
membrane
LPS protects from blank defenses
host (O antigens)
LPS can act as an blank
endotoxin (lipid A)
gram negative outer membranes are blank permeable than plasma membrane due to presence of blank proteins and blank proteins
more, porin, transport
shrinkage of pores in blank prevents blank
gram positive peptidoglycan, decolorization
gram negative decolorizes because the blank become large enough to lose color
pores
polysaccharide rich material exterior to cell wall; sometimes has protein component
glycocalyx
dense; tightly attached; regular arrangement of polysaccharides; visible to light microscope
capsule
diffuse; loosely attached; irregular arrangement of polysaccharides
slime layer
regularly structured layers of protein or glycoprotein that self assemble
S layers
this protects from ion and pH fluctuations, osmotic stress, enzymes, and predation
S layer
s layer promotes blank to surfaces
adhesion
short thin, hairlike structures in prokaryotes
fimbriae
fimbriae mediate blank to surfaces
attachment
similar to fimbriae except longer, thicker and not as many
sex pili
genes for formation are found on blank in sex pili
plasmids
threadlike, locomotor appendages extending outward from plasma membrane and cell wall
flagella
one flagellum
monotrichous
flagellum at end of cell
polar flagellum
one flagellum at each end of cell
amphitrichous
cluster of flagella at one or both ends
lophotrichous
flagella over entire surface of cell
peritrichous
flagella part that extends from cell surface to the tip
filament
links filament to basal body; made of protein
hook
series of rings that drive flagellar motor
basal body
complex process involving many genes/gene products
flagellar synthesis
flagella grows from blank not blank
tip, base
directed cell movement in response to some stimulus
taxis
move toward chemical attractants such as nutrients, away from harmful substances
chemotaxis
flagellum rotates like a blank
propeller
C ring and MS ring turn and interact with stator
rotor
Mot A and Mot B proteins
stator
basal body is the blank of the flagellum
motor
these have corkscrew shapes which allows them to move in viscous media
spirochete
short, intermittent, jerky motions that use pili and is a type of motility
twitching
motility that is smooth movements of prokaryotes
gliding
material bounded by the plasmid structure
cytoplasm
network of fibrous proteins within cytoplasm
cytoskeleton
cytoskeleton function is for cell blank like in blank
division, eukaryotes
membrane bound storage structures containing granules of organic or inorganic material that are stockpiled by the cell for future use
inclusions
these are not bound by membranes but compartmentalized for a specific function like carboxysomes for CO2 fixing bacteria
microcompartments
inclusions found in aquatic, photosynthetic bacteria and archaea
gas vacuoles
complex structures made of protein and RNA
ribosomes
the small membrane that surrounds genetic material in prokaryotes
nucleoid
prokaryotes often have additional smaller circular DNA called… difference is that it is not blank
plasmids, supercoiled
type of plasmid found in bacteria, archaea, some fungi and usually small , closed circular DNA molecules
extrachromosomal DNA
plasmids exist and replicate independently of blank
chromosome
complex, dormant strucutre formed by some bacteria in various locations within the cell and function to surfvive environments for the organism
bacterial endospore
endospore bacteria most often live in blank and are gram blank
soil, positive
thick layers of protein form the endospore blank
coat
beneath the coat and is thick peptidoglycan
cortex
blank has nucleoid and ribosomes in endospore
core
what makes endospore so resistant
calcium, dehydrated cores,
process of endospore formation is called blank and occurs in a few blank
sporulation, hours
transformation of endospore in to vegetative cell complex
germination
prepares spores for germination and often results from treatments like heating
activation
spore swelling and rupture of absorption of spore coat
germination
cysts die with blank
boiling
domain of bacteria that has many features in common with blank
eukarya
archaea is much like domain Bacteria as well because it has genes for blank
metabolism
archaea are best known for growing in blank environments
extreme
archaea are known for blank shapes
irregular
archaea do not have blank or blank shape
spirilla, spirochete
archaea cell membranes are a blank bond not blank like domain Bacteria
ether, ester
archaea usually have blank membrane but can have blank membrane
phospholipid bilayer, monolayer
archaea have this in cell envelopes called blank and is peptidoglycan-like polymer
pseudomurein
archaea cell walls differ from domain Bacteria cell walls because it
lacks peptidoglycan, most common cell wall is S layer, more variation in cell wall,
nucleoid in archaea is about the same as domain blank
Bacteria
histones, Alba, and condensins that aid in folding are found in the nucleoid of blank but not blank which is the large difference
archaea, Bacteria
blank in archaea are not very well understood yet
pili
hollow, tubelike structures on the surface of thermophilic archae in the genus Pyrodictium
cannulae
function of blank is unknown
cannulae
flagellum are not blank in archaea but are in domain Bacteria
hollow
