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Microbiology > Chapter 3 - Cell Structure of Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cell Structure of Prokaryotes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

two domains of prokarya

A

Bacteria, Archaea

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1
Q

most prokaryotes lack internal blank systems

A

membrane

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2
Q

prokaryote size ranges from .2 micrometers to 700 micrometers

A

true

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3
Q

cell shape

A

morphology

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4
Q

spherical or ovoid cell shape

A

coccus

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5
Q

cylindrical shape of cell

A

bacillus

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6
Q

chains of cocci

A

streptococcus

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7
Q

4 cocci

A

tetrad

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8
Q

2 cocci

A

diplococcus

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9
Q

grape like clusters cocci

A

staphylcocci

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10
Q

cubic configuration of 8 cocci all perpendicular to each other

A

sarcinae

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11
Q

2 bacilli

A

diplobacilli

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12
Q

chains of bacilli

A

streptobacilli

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13
Q

several parallel cells along long axis

A

pallisade

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14
Q

resemble rods, comma shapes

A

vibrio

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15
Q

rigid helices shape

A

spirilla

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16
Q

network of long, multinucleate filamentous cells

A

mycelium

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17
Q

organisms that are variable in shape

A

pleomorphic

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18
Q

small cells tend to grow blank than larger ones

A

quicker

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19
Q

surface to volume ratios determine amount of blank that can be exchanged

A

nutrients

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20
Q

structures exterior to cell wall, cell wall, and cell membrane makes up the blank of the prokaryote

A

cell envelope

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21
Q

vital barrier that separates cytoplasm from environment

A

cell membrane

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22
Q

cell membrane has these functions

A

regulates transport, regulates proteins

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23
Q

fluid mosaic model of membrane structure means that the membrane is blank and blank

A

fluid, solid

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24
Q

absolute requirement for all living organisms

A

cell membrane

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25
Q

some bacteria have blank membrane systems

A

internal

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26
Q

membranes consist of blank bilayer plus proteins and maybe blank but no blank

A

phospholipid, hopanoids, sterols

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27
Q

prokaryotes do not have blank in their membranes but eukaryotes do

A

carbohydrates

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28
Q

loosely connected proteins to membrane on cytoplasmic side

A

peripheral

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29
Q

amphipathic membrane protein that is embedded within membrane and project outware or inward

A

integral

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30
Q

membrane protein that goes completely across the membrane from one side to another

A

transmembrane

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31
Q

in prokaryotes, cell membrane does energy blank but doesn’t in eukaryotes

A

metabolism

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32
Q

fluidity of cell membrane is controlled by blank

A

temperature

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33
Q

membrane gets too cold

A

solidification

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34
Q

membrane gets too hot

A

thermal lysis

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35
Q

when membrane is cold it adds more blank fatty acids to blank van der Waals forces

A

unsaturated, minimize

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36
Q

when membrane is hot is loses more blank fatty acids to blank van der Waals forces

A

unsaturated, maximize

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37
Q

transport where ligand binds specific protein receptors on cell surface

A

receptor-mediated transport

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38
Q

receptor mediated transport is blank selective

A

highly

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39
Q

simultaneous transport and chemical modification of transported substance

A

group translocation

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40
Q

most prokaryotes have this and it is structured of polysaccharides and peptides or protein

A

cell walls

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41
Q

cell wall function is to prevent blank

A

osmotic lysis

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42
Q

this breaks the bond between N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in cell walls in blank solution

A

lysozome, hypotonic

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43
Q

this inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis in cell wall in blank solution

A

penicillin, hypotonic

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44
Q

this does not produce a cell wall and hyper regulates internal solute concentration

A

mycoplasma

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45
Q

spheroplasts are gram blank

A

negative

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46
Q

protoplasts are gram blank

A

positive

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47
Q

stains purple; thick layer of blank

A

gram positive, peptidoglycan

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48
Q

stains red with thin layer of blank

A

gram negative, peptidoglycan

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49
Q

a structural polymer with identical subunits forming long strands

A

peptidoglycan structure

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50
Q

in gram negative, crosslinks are blank between amino acids in the tetrapeptide

A

directly

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51
Q

in gram positive, crosslinks often have a blank to connect

A

bridge

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52
Q

gram positive cell walls are about 90 percent blank

A

peptidoglycan

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53
Q

gram positive cell walls also have blank which projects out of cell membrane

A

teichoic acid

54
Q

teichoic acids help maintain blank, may bind to blank cells, and may store blank

A

cell envelope, host, PO4

55
Q

lies between plasma membrane and cell wall and is smaller than that of gram negative bacteria

A

periplasmic space in gram positive

56
Q

these cell walls are blank complex than gram positive

A

more

57
Q

only about 10 percent of blank in gram negative cell walls

A

peptidoglycan

58
Q

there are many blank present in periplasm of gram blank

A

enzymes, negative

59
Q

these connect outer membrane to peptidoglycan

A

Braun’s lipoproteins

60
Q

this contributes to negative charge on cell surface and consists of three parts

A

lipopolysaccharide

61
Q

LPS helps stabilize outer blank structure

A

membrane

62
Q

LPS protects from blank defenses

A

host (O antigens)

63
Q

LPS can act as an blank

A

endotoxin (lipid A)

64
Q

gram negative outer membranes are blank permeable than plasma membrane due to presence of blank proteins and blank proteins

A

more, porin, transport

65
Q

shrinkage of pores in blank prevents blank

A

gram positive peptidoglycan, decolorization

66
Q

gram negative decolorizes because the blank become large enough to lose color

A

pores

67
Q

polysaccharide rich material exterior to cell wall; sometimes has protein component

A

glycocalyx

68
Q

dense; tightly attached; regular arrangement of polysaccharides; visible to light microscope

A

capsule

69
Q

diffuse; loosely attached; irregular arrangement of polysaccharides

A

slime layer

70
Q

regularly structured layers of protein or glycoprotein that self assemble

A

S layers

71
Q

this protects from ion and pH fluctuations, osmotic stress, enzymes, and predation

A

S layer

72
Q

s layer promotes blank to surfaces

A

adhesion

73
Q

short thin, hairlike structures in prokaryotes

A

fimbriae

74
Q

fimbriae mediate blank to surfaces

A

attachment

75
Q

similar to fimbriae except longer, thicker and not as many

A

sex pili

76
Q

genes for formation are found on blank in sex pili

A

plasmids

77
Q

threadlike, locomotor appendages extending outward from plasma membrane and cell wall

A

flagella

78
Q

one flagellum

A

monotrichous

79
Q

flagellum at end of cell

A

polar flagellum

80
Q

one flagellum at each end of cell

A

amphitrichous

81
Q

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

A

lophotrichous

82
Q

flagella over entire surface of cell

A

peritrichous

83
Q

flagella part that extends from cell surface to the tip

A

filament

84
Q

links filament to basal body; made of protein

A

hook

85
Q

series of rings that drive flagellar motor

A

basal body

86
Q

complex process involving many genes/gene products

A

flagellar synthesis

87
Q

flagella grows from blank not blank

A

tip, base

88
Q

directed cell movement in response to some stimulus

A

taxis

89
Q

move toward chemical attractants such as nutrients, away from harmful substances

A

chemotaxis

90
Q

flagellum rotates like a blank

A

propeller

91
Q

C ring and MS ring turn and interact with stator

A

rotor

92
Q

Mot A and Mot B proteins

A

stator

93
Q

basal body is the blank of the flagellum

A

motor

94
Q

these have corkscrew shapes which allows them to move in viscous media

A

spirochete

95
Q

short, intermittent, jerky motions that use pili and is a type of motility

A

twitching

96
Q

motility that is smooth movements of prokaryotes

A

gliding

97
Q

material bounded by the plasmid structure

A

cytoplasm

98
Q

network of fibrous proteins within cytoplasm

A

cytoskeleton

99
Q

cytoskeleton function is for cell blank like in blank

A

division, eukaryotes

100
Q

membrane bound storage structures containing granules of organic or inorganic material that are stockpiled by the cell for future use

A

inclusions

101
Q

these are not bound by membranes but compartmentalized for a specific function like carboxysomes for CO2 fixing bacteria

A

microcompartments

102
Q

inclusions found in aquatic, photosynthetic bacteria and archaea

A

gas vacuoles

103
Q

complex structures made of protein and RNA

A

ribosomes

104
Q

the small membrane that surrounds genetic material in prokaryotes

A

nucleoid

105
Q

prokaryotes often have additional smaller circular DNA called… difference is that it is not blank

A

plasmids, supercoiled

106
Q

type of plasmid found in bacteria, archaea, some fungi and usually small , closed circular DNA molecules

A

extrachromosomal DNA

107
Q

plasmids exist and replicate independently of blank

A

chromosome

108
Q

complex, dormant strucutre formed by some bacteria in various locations within the cell and function to surfvive environments for the organism

A

bacterial endospore

109
Q

endospore bacteria most often live in blank and are gram blank

A

soil, positive

110
Q

thick layers of protein form the endospore blank

A

coat

111
Q

beneath the coat and is thick peptidoglycan

A

cortex

112
Q

blank has nucleoid and ribosomes in endospore

A

core

113
Q

what makes endospore so resistant

A

calcium, dehydrated cores,

114
Q

process of endospore formation is called blank and occurs in a few blank

A

sporulation, hours

115
Q

transformation of endospore in to vegetative cell complex

A

germination

116
Q

prepares spores for germination and often results from treatments like heating

A

activation

117
Q

spore swelling and rupture of absorption of spore coat

A

germination

118
Q

cysts die with blank

A

boiling

119
Q

domain of bacteria that has many features in common with blank

A

eukarya

120
Q

archaea is much like domain Bacteria as well because it has genes for blank

A

metabolism

121
Q

archaea are best known for growing in blank environments

A

extreme

122
Q

archaea are known for blank shapes

A

irregular

123
Q

archaea do not have blank or blank shape

A

spirilla, spirochete

124
Q

archaea cell membranes are a blank bond not blank like domain Bacteria

A

ether, ester

125
Q

archaea usually have blank membrane but can have blank membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer, monolayer

126
Q

archaea have this in cell envelopes called blank and is peptidoglycan-like polymer

A

pseudomurein

127
Q

archaea cell walls differ from domain Bacteria cell walls because it

A

lacks peptidoglycan, most common cell wall is S layer, more variation in cell wall,

128
Q

nucleoid in archaea is about the same as domain blank

A

Bacteria

129
Q

histones, Alba, and condensins that aid in folding are found in the nucleoid of blank but not blank which is the large difference

A

archaea, Bacteria

130
Q

blank in archaea are not very well understood yet

A

pili

131
Q

hollow, tubelike structures on the surface of thermophilic archae in the genus Pyrodictium

A

cannulae

132
Q

function of blank is unknown

A

cannulae

133
Q

flagellum are not blank in archaea but are in domain Bacteria

A

hollow

Microbiology (26 decks)

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