Chapter 10 - Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards
biosynthesis
anabolism
biodegradation
catabolism
catabolism and anabolism are two parts of blank
metabolism
the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones with enzymes
catabolism
catabolism releases energy so they are blank
exergonic
synthesis of a larger molecule from a smaller one
anabolism
anabolism is blank because it takes energy to create a bond but is not blank
endergonic, endothermic
microbial cells do these three types of work
transport, chemical, mechanical
a science that analyzes energy changes in a collection of matter called a system
thermodynamics
second law of thermodynamics involves the increase of blank
entropy
amount of heat energy needed to raise 1 gram of water from 14.5 degrees Celsius to 15.5
Calorie (cal)
1 cal of heat is equal to blank Joules of heat
4.18
exergonic reaction involves chemical reactions with a negative G value that blanks free energy
releases
chemical reactions with a positive G because it requires an energy input
endergonic
many metabolic processes involve blank reactions
oxidatiion reduction
tendency of a compound to donate electrons or to gain electrons
reduction potential
more negative E is a better electron blank
donor
more positive E means a better electron blank
acceptor
this represents the range of possible reduction potentials for redox couples in nature
redox towers
electron transport chain is in the blank of the mitochondria
inner membrane
electron carrier that is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD
electron carrier that is nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NADP
redox reactions usually involve reactions between intermediate blank
carriers
coenzyme is a blank molecule but not the blank
organic, protein
ion that works like a coenzyme
cofactor
ions have less energy than the blank form
reduced
electron carrier that uses iron to transfer electrons
cytochromes
iron is part of the blank group
heme
reacting molecules in enzymes
substrate
substance formed by enzyme reaction
product
protein component of an enzyme
apoenzyme
ion needed by enzyme
cofactor
firmly attached nonprotein component of an enzyme
prosthetic group
loosely attached nonprotein component of enzyme
cofactor
sum of parts of enzyme
holoenzyme
energy required to form transition state complex
activation energy
enzyme lowers blank
activation energy
directly competes with binding of substrate to active site
competetive inhibitor
binds enzyme at site other than active site and changes its shape
noncompetitive inhibitor
RNA molecules that are catalytic and self splice and involved in self replication
ribozymes
differential distribution of enzymes and metabolites among separate cell structures or organelles
compartmentation
compartmentation can generate marked variations in blank concentrations
metabolite
most regulatory enzymes are these and acivity is altered by small molecule
allosteric regulation
these bind at regulatory site and change shape of enzyme and alters activity of catalytic site and can be positive or negative
allosteric effector
positive effector blank enzyme activity
increases
negative effector blank the enzyme
inhibitis
reversible on and off switch modification of enzymes
covalent
also called end product inhibition where enzyme is inhibited in the pathway and is like a pacemaker
feedback inhibition
different enzymes that catalyze same reaction
isoenzymes
