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Microbiology > Chapter 16 - Mechanics Of DNA Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Mechanics Of DNA Regulation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

aka posttranslational regulation

A

enzyme/protein function regulation

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1
Q

two approaches of regulation

A

gene expression, enzymes and protein function

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2
Q

genes that are expressed only when specific substances are present in the environment

A

inducible gene

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3
Q

inducible genes are most common in blank

A

catabolism

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4
Q

genes that are normally expressed but repressed when certain substances are present in the environment

A

repressible gene

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5
Q

repressible genes are most common in blank

A

biosynthesis

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6
Q

if the blank is bound to blank, no transcription can occur

A

repressor, operator

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7
Q

tightly blank chromatin prevents blank

A

condensed, transcription

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8
Q

only a low level of transcription occurring

A

constitutive synthesis

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9
Q

proteins that inhibit transcription are called blank control

A

negative

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10
Q

proteins that promote transcription is called blank control

A

positive

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11
Q

induction and repression occur because of the activity of blank proteins and blank binding

A

regulatory, DNA

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12
Q

repressor proteins are blank because they have a blank and blank form

A

allosteric, active, inactive

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13
Q

anything that turns up transcription

A

inducer

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14
Q

three structural genes coding for lactose uptake and metabolism

A

inducible genes

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15
Q

lac blank binds lac operator which inhibits transcription by blank access to promoter for genes

A

repressor, blocking

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16
Q

if glucose is present, blank does not get used by the cell because it isn’t as easy

A

lactose

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17
Q

the lac repressor blank DNA

A

bends

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18
Q

this consists of 5 structural genes which code for enzymes needed to synthesize tryptophan

A

trp operon

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19
Q

differences between lac operon and trp operons slides

A

okay

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20
Q

eukarya use regulatory blank factors to regulate transcription blank

A

transcription, initiation

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21
Q

most prevalent form of gene in nature

A

wild gene

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22
Q

gene with variation of sequence compared to wild type

A

mutant type

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23
Q

wild type to mutant type is blank

A

forward mutation

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24
Q

mutant phenotype to wild type is blank

A

reversion mutation

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25
Q

occurs when the second mutation is at a different site than the original mutation

A

suppressor mutation

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26
Q

these mutations can affect structure but does not usually have an effect on function

A

point mutations

27
Q

change nucleoside sequence of codon but not the encoded amino acid

A

silent mutation

28
Q

mutations in blank sequences do not affect blank structure but might affect blank

A

regulatory, protein, regulation

29
Q

enzymatic repair to any damage in dna

A

dna repair

30
Q

corrects damage that causes distortions in double helix

A

excision repair

31
Q

excision repairs remove the damaged portion of dna strand and use the intact blank strand as a template to blank new dna

A

complementary, synthesize

32
Q

used to directly repair thymine dimers

A

photoreactivation

33
Q

synthesis allows dna to be synthesized with no template

A

translesion synthesis

34
Q

when dna damage is large scale the cell may need to use a different type of repair system and this system is more blank

A

error prone

35
Q

inducible repair system used to repair excessive damage that halts replication, leaving many gaps

A

sos response

36
Q

these dna polymerases are very error prone

A

4, 5

37
Q

this protein initiates recombination repair

A

RecA

38
Q

this protein acts as protease, destroying LexA repressor protein, increasing production of oxcision repair enzymes

A

RecA

39
Q

mutations bring new blank to populations

A

genetic diversity

40
Q

mutations are subject to blank

A

selective pressure

41
Q

process in which one or more nucleic acids are rearranged

A

recombination

42
Q

transfer of genes from parents to progeny

A

vertical gene transfer

43
Q

sexual reproduction is accompanied by genetic recombination in blank

A

eukaryotes

44
Q

this transfer of genes from one independent, mature organism to another followed by recombination

A

horizontal gene transfer

45
Q

three mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer

A

transformation, transduction, conjugation

46
Q

most common form of recombination that usually involves a reciprocal exchange between pair of DNA molecules with very similar nucleotide sequence

A

homologous

47
Q

these enzymes play a role in recombination

A

RecA

48
Q

uptake of naked dna released into medium by donor cell by a competent recipient cell followed by incorporation of the dna into the recipient cell’s genome

A

bacterial transformation

49
Q

transfer of bacterial genes from a donor bacterium to a recipient bacterium by a virus

A

transduction

50
Q

these can carry out the lytic cycle in which the host cell is destroyed or the viral dna can integrate into the host genome, becoming a latent prophage

A

bacteriophage

51
Q

any part of bacterial genome can be transferred

A

generalized transduction

52
Q

carried out by only temperate phages that have established lysogeny and only a specific portion of bacterial genome is transferred

A

specialized transduction

53
Q

small, autonomously replicating dna molecules that can exist independently in cytoplasms, or as episomes, integrate reversibly into the host chromosome

A

bacterial plasmids

54
Q

this is the conjugative plasmid that contains the information of formation of sex pilus in E. coli

A

F factors

55
Q

conjugative plasmid in E. coli

A

f factor

56
Q

cells with free f plasmid

A

f+

57
Q

cells which have no f plasmid and are always the recipient cells

A

f -

58
Q

gene transfer can be blank or blank directions

A

clockwise, counterclockwise

59
Q

a blank copy of the f factor usually is not blank

A

transferred

60
Q

direct cell to cell contact and is the transfer of genes between two bacteria

A

conjugation

61
Q

conjugation is mediated by blank

A

f pilus

62
Q

this transfers the most genes out of all the forms of genetic transfer

A

conjugation

63
Q

donor HFr cell has f factor integrated into its blank

A

chromosome

64
Q

segments of dna that move themselves to somewhere else in the genome in a process called blank

A

transposition

65
Q

these are simple transposable that only contain genes for transposition

A

insertion sequences

66
Q

these are transposable elements which contain genes other than those used for transposition like genes for antibiotic resistance

A

composite transposons

Microbiology (26 decks)

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