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Microbiology > Chapter 11 - Catabolism, Energy Release, Conservation > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Catabolism, Energy Release, Conservation Flashcards

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0
Q

these use reduced inorganic substances for getting electrons

A

lithotrophs

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1
Q

chemotrophs obtain energy from blank of chemical compounds

A

oxidation

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2
Q

obtain electrons from organic compounds

A

organotrophs

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3
Q

humans are blank

A

chemoorganoheterotrophs

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4
Q

the complete or incomplete oxidation of an organic compound with the subsequent release of energy

A

chemoorganotrophy

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5
Q

use of organic molecules as energy, carbon and electron source

A

chemooorganotrophs

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6
Q

three chemoheterotrophic processes in nature

A

aerobic cell respiration, anaerobic cell respiration, fermentation

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7
Q

final electron acceptor is always blank in aerobic cellular respiration

A

oxygen

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8
Q

final electron acceptor is blank oxygen in anaerobic cell respiration

A

never

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9
Q

incomplete oxidation of organic molecule where end products are organic acids or alcohols

A

fermentation

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10
Q

fermentation uses an blank electron acceptor to oxidize the organic energy source like pyruvate

A

endogenous

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11
Q

enzyme catalyzed reactions whereby the product of one reaction serves as the substrate for the next

A

catabolic pathway

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12
Q

function both as catabolic and anabolic pathways

A

amphibolic pathways

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13
Q

process that can completely catabolize and oxidize an organic energy source to CO2 using

A

aerobic cellular respiration

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14
Q

aerobic respiration is a blank reaction because most energy is lost as heat; some captured and stored in bonds of ATP or equivalent molecule

A

exergonic reaction

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15
Q

complete oxidation of glucose all the way down to six carbon dioxides

A

cellular respiration

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16
Q

three routes of breakdown of pyruvate

A

embden-meyerhof, pentose phosphate, entner-duodoroff

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17
Q

glycolysis steps

A

add phosphates from atp to glucose to make fructose, aldoslase turns it into glyceraldehyde, glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase changes it to bisphophoglycerate and NADH

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18
Q

pathway used by soil bacteria and a few gram negative bacteria

A

entner duodoroff

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19
Q

entner pathway yields blank products than glycolysis

A

fewer, 1 atp, 1 nadh

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20
Q

glucose water and nadp are changed into co2 nadph, h+ pi

A

pentose phosphate pathway

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21
Q

to form acetyl CoA, a blank is taken away from blank

A

co2, acetyl group

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22
Q

aka the kreb’s cycle

A

tricarboxylic acid

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23
Q

citric acid cycle steps

A

acetyl coA with oxaloacetate forms citrate (2 carbon plus 4 carbon = 6 carbon),

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24
Q

tricarboxylic acid yields

A

2 Co2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP

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25
Q

during electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, a total of blank nadh and blank fadh are formed

A

10, 4

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26
Q

electron transport chains take electrons from blank and blank to blank

A

nadh, fadh2, o2

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27
Q

difference between reduction potentials of nadh and oxygen is blank so a lot of blank is created

A

large, energy

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28
Q

bacterial and archaeal etc are located in blank

A

membrane

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29
Q

electron transport chain in eukaryotes are in the blank membrane

A

inner mitochondrial

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30
Q

electron transfer is accompanied by blank movement across inner mitochondrial membrane of etc

A

protong

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31
Q

process by which atp is synthesized as the result of electron transport driven by the oxidation of a chemical energy source

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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32
Q

maximum yield of atp in aerobic respiration

A

38

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33
Q

actual yield of atp in aerobic respiration in eukaryotes is blank and about blank in prokaryotes

A

30, 16-28

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34
Q

this involves the complete catabolism and oxidation of the starting organic molecule to CO2

A

anaerobic respiration

35
Q

oxidized inorganic blank compounds are the most common electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration

A

nitrogen

36
Q

many blank prokaryotes such as certain species of blank are nitrate, nitrite, or nitrogen compound reducing

A

soil, pseudomonas

37
Q

blank use co2 as a final electron acceptor and reduce it to make CH4 (blank)

A

methanogens, methane

38
Q

incomplete oxidation of organic molecule

A

fermentation

39
Q

fermentation only yields blank

A

atp

40
Q

in absence of external nutrients, blank and blank are stored substances that can be used as energy

A

starch, glycogen

41
Q

lipid catabolism involves blank

A

triglycerides

42
Q

membrane is charged blank

A

positive

43
Q

inside cell is blank charged

A

negatively

44
Q

incomplete oxidation of organic molecule

A

fermentation

45
Q

net yield of fermentation

A

2 atp

46
Q

chemolithotrophy using inorganic moleucles is a blank reaction

A

exergonic

47
Q

there are no blank that are chemolithotrophs

A

eukaryotes

48
Q

three major groups of chemolithotrophs

A

hydrogen oxidizing, sulfur oxidizing, nitrifying bacteria oxidizing ammonia

49
Q

hydrogen oxidizing chemolithotrophs are found in blank earth and sea. these two domains can be chemolithotrophs

A

deep, Bacteria, Archaea

50
Q

hydrogen oxidation is catalyzed by blank and are often blank

A

hydrogenase, facultative

51
Q

two groups of bacteria work in concert to fully oxidize blank to blank

A

ammonia, nitrate

52
Q

two genera that do nitrification

A

Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter

53
Q

nitrification yields blank energy so growth is very blank

A

little, slow

54
Q

Calvin cycle requires blank as electron source for fixing blank

A

NADPH, CO2

55
Q

many chemolithotrophs can shift to blank metabolism

A

chemoorganotrophic

56
Q

type of metabolism that uses light

A

phototrophy

57
Q

these use energy from the sun and electrons from an inorganic molecule

A

phototrophs

58
Q

phototrophs synthesize blank molecules from CO2 by a series of reaction called the blank

A

organic, Calvin cycle

59
Q

in photosynthesis, light energy is converted to blank bond energy

A

chemical

60
Q

CO2 is reduced to organic blank in phototrophs

A

glucose

61
Q

two phases of photosynthesis

A

light reaction, dark reaction

62
Q

most familiar form of photosynthesis with the stereotypical formula

A

oxygenic

63
Q

photosynthesis done by some prokaryotes that involves H2S being reduced

A

anoxygenic

64
Q

photosynthetic blank capture blank energy

A

pigment, light

65
Q

organisms that are photosynthetic must produce some form of blank to by photosynthetic

A

chlorophyll

66
Q

chlorophyll is a blank

A

porphyrin

67
Q

different chlorophylls have different blank

A

absorption spectra

68
Q

eukaryotes have chlorophyll pigments in blank

A

thylakoids

69
Q

prokaryotes have chlorophyll pigments in blank

A

cytoplasmic membrane

70
Q

highly organized arrays of chlorphylls and accessory pigments

A

antenna pigments

71
Q

antenna and its associated reaction center chlorphyll

A

photosystems

72
Q

three important nutritional types of organisms

A

photolithoautotrophs, chemolithoautotrophs, chemoorganoheterotrophs

73
Q

organisms must have blank power to produce energy

A

reducing

74
Q

anoxygenic photosynthesis has blank photosystems

A

1

75
Q

oxygenic photosynthesis has blank photosystems

A

2

76
Q

these participate directly in the conversion of light energy to ATP

A

reaction centers

77
Q

funnel light energy to reaction centers

A

antenna pigments

78
Q

function as massive antenna complexes in photosystems

A

chlorosomes

79
Q

chlorosomes are found in blank bacteria

A

green sulfur

80
Q

heliobacteria, green bacteria, and purple bacteria all do blank photosynthesis

A

anoxygenic

81
Q

oxygenic phototrophs use light energy to generate ATP and blank in two photosystems

A

NADPH

82
Q

photosystem 1 makes blank and 2 makes blank

A

NADPH, ATP

83
Q

reduction of carbon dioxide to organic carbon

A

carbon fixation

84
Q

carbon fixation most commonly happens in the blank

A

Calvin cycle

85
Q

Calvin cycle i s the most common means of carbon fixation for blank and blank

A

chemolithotrophs, phototrophs

Microbiology (26 decks)

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