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Microbiology > Chapter 7 - Microbial Growth & Reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Microbial Growth & Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

eukaryotic microbes may reproduce blank or blank

A

sexual (meiosis), asexual (mitosis)

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1
Q

microorganisms must replicate blank and cytoplasm and cytoplasmic structures

A

genetic material

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2
Q

for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, there are two common ways that cells blank

A

divide

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3
Q

cell gets roughly twice its size and then divides the genetic material and cytoplasm equally between two cells in this division

A

binary fission

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4
Q

a piece of the cell breaks off to form a new cell then grows bigger

A

budding

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5
Q

sequence of events from formation of a new cell through the next cell division

A

cell cycle

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6
Q

Ftsz protein is involved in this kind of cell division to form blank

A

binary fission, septum

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7
Q

most bacteria divide by blank

A

binary fission

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8
Q

most bacterial chromosomes are what shape

A

circular

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9
Q

site at which replication is terminated, located opposite the origin

A

terminus

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10
Q

group of proteins needed for DNA synthesis

A

replisome

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11
Q

actin homolog, plays role in determination of cell shape as spiral inside cell periphery, and chromosome segregation

A

MreB

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12
Q

plasmids carry proteins that are necessary for blank

A

segregation

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13
Q

formation of cross walls between daughter cells

A

septation

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14
Q

increase in cellular constituents that may result in increase in size, increase in number

A

microbial growth

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15
Q

growth usually refers to blank rather than growth of blank

A

population, individual cells

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16
Q

this can be solid or liquid prepped and needs to grow, transport, and store microorganisms in the lab

A

culture media

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17
Q

culture media must contain all blank for for microbe to grow

A

nutrients

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18
Q

contain some ingredients of unknown composition and or concentration type of media

A

complex media

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19
Q

protein hydrolysates prepared by partial digestion of various protein sources

A

peptones

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20
Q

media containing minimal nutritional requirements for a particular microbe; varies from microbe to microbe

A

minimal medium

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21
Q

medium containing much more than minimal; may have proteins, amino acids, starches, monosaccharides, ion, lipids

A

rich medium

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22
Q

complex media will probably have one of these

A

peptone, tryptone, extracts

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23
Q

microbes go faster in blank media

A

rich

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24
Q

support the growth of many microbes (rich media)

A

supportive/general purpose media

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25
Q

general purpose media supplemented by blood or other special nutrients

A

enriched media

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26
Q

bacteria like the blank in blood

A

iron

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27
Q

favor the growth of some microbes and inhibit others example is blank

A

selective media, macConkey agar

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28
Q

MacConkey agar selects for blank bacteria

A

gram negative

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29
Q

blank media allows different microbes to grow differently but doesn’t inhibit

A

differential

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30
Q

population of cells arising from a single cell developed by robert koch

A

pure culture

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31
Q

agar technique that involves spreading out the microbes with the loop to get single colonies

A

streak plate

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32
Q

small volume of liquid and glass rod then spread it over the plate to find single colonies

A

spread plate

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33
Q

sample is serially diluted and diluted samples are mixed with liquid agar then are poured into sterile dish

A

pour plate

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34
Q

culture plates can be used to determine the number of blank microbes in an original sample

A

viable

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35
Q

bacteria in a culture in a blank medium creates a growth blank

A

close, curve

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36
Q

growth phase that does not always occur and is the interval between when a culture is inoculated and when growth begins

A

lag phase

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37
Q

log phase of growth where cells are growing and dividing; maximum growth rate

A

exponential phase

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38
Q

growth curve phase where rate of population is zero because cell divisions = cell deaths

A

stationary phase

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39
Q

cell deaths are greater than cell divisions and there is not enough nutrients in medium to feed colony

A

death phase

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40
Q

cells alive, but dormant, capable of new growth when conditions are right

A

Viable But Not Culturable

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41
Q

fraction of the population genetically programmed to die and commit suicide

A

programmed cell death

42
Q

time required for the population to double in size

A

generation time

43
Q

generation time varies depending on species of blank and blank conditions

A

microbes, environmental

44
Q

population is doubling every generation is blank population growth

A

exponential

45
Q

generation time equation

A

g = t/n

46
Q

t is the duration of blank growth

A

exponential

47
Q

n is the number of blank

A

generations

48
Q

g is the blank

A

generation time

49
Q

these are useful for counting both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

counting chambers

50
Q

counting chambers can not distinguish blank from blank cells

A

living, dead

51
Q

microbial suspension forced through small orifice with a laser light beam

A

flow cytometry

52
Q

flow cytometers are blank counters

A

electric

53
Q

these allow enumeration of viable cells with blank and blank plate techniques

A

viable counting methods, spread, pour

54
Q

CFU stands for blank

A

colony forming unity

55
Q

each CFU comes from blank viable cell(s)

A

one

56
Q

bacteria from aquatic samples are trapped on membranes and membrane is soaked in culture media

A

membrane filter technique

57
Q

colonies grow on blank in membrane filter technique

A

membrane

58
Q

measurement of cell mass that is time consuming and not very sensitive

A

dry weight

59
Q

quick easy and sensitive version of measuring cell mass

A

turbidometric measures (light scattering)

60
Q

growth in an open system, continual provision nutrients, continual removal of wastes and cells

A

continuous culture

61
Q

rate of removal of medium from vessel

A

rate of incoming medium

62
Q

device for continuous culture

A

chemostat

63
Q

changes in blank concentrations in the environment may affect microbial cells

A

osmotic

64
Q

these channels in membrane allow solutes to leave

A

mechanosensitive

65
Q

most microbes like to stay slightly blank to the environment

A

hypertonic

66
Q

grow optimally in the presence of NaCl or other salts at a concentration above about .2 M

A

halophiles

67
Q

require salt concentration of 2M and 6.2M

A

extreme halophiles

68
Q

measure of the relative acidity of a solution and is a measure of blank

A

pH, H+

69
Q

microorganisms that grow optimally between pH 0 and 5.5

A

acidophiles

70
Q

most microorganisms grow between 5.5 an 7 pH

A

neutrophiles

71
Q

microbes that grow between pH 8.5 and 11.5

A

alkilaphiles

72
Q

most microbes maintain internal pH near blank because extremes can blank them

A

neutral, denature

73
Q

plasma membrane is impermeable to blank

A

protons

74
Q

microbes can change pH of their habitat by secreting blank or blank waste

A

acidic, basic

75
Q

microbes are blank so they cannot regulate their internal temperature

A

ambitherms

76
Q

three cardinal growth temperatures of microbes

A

minimal, maximum, optimal

77
Q

microbes in 0 - 20 degrees C

A

psychorophiles

78
Q

0 to 35 degrees C microbes

A

psychrotrophs

79
Q

20 to 45 degrees C microbes

A

mesophiles

80
Q

55 to 85 degrees C

A

thermophiles

81
Q

85 to 110 degrees C microbes

A

hyperthermophiles

82
Q

most microbes are blank and live in warm blooded animals, soil, termperate conditions

A

mesophiles

83
Q

smaller transport proteins, more alpha helices and less beta sheets, and more polar and less hydrophobic amino acids and fewer weak bonds are all adaptations of blank

A

psychrophile

84
Q

usually live at 20/21% oxygen and will die in the absence of oxygen; can only do aerobic cellular respiration

A

strict aerobes

85
Q

strict anaerobes but can use oxygen only when it is present at levels reduced from that in the air

A

microaerophiles

86
Q

organisms that use some other method of energy other than oxygen

A

anaerobes

87
Q

organisms that will die in the presence of any oxygen

A

strict anaerobes

88
Q

organisms that can live in the presence or absence of oxygen and they do aerobic respiration when O2 is there and something else when oxygen is absent

A

facultative anaerobes

89
Q

the toxic forms of oxygen can blank proteins and blank in microbes

A

damage, nucleic acids

90
Q

in all living cells there are blank present to neutralize most of the toxic blank species

A

enzymes, oxygen

91
Q

aerobes and facultative aerobes have the most blank enzymes

A

detoxifying

92
Q

all strict anaerobes lack or have very low amounts of blank

A

oxygen dismutase

93
Q

adversely affected by increased pressure, but not as severely as nontolerant organisms

A

barotolerant

94
Q

require or grow more rapidly in the presence of increased pressure

A

barophilic

95
Q

x rays and gamma rays are blank radiation and can cause blank at low doses and death at higher doses

A

ionizing, mutations

96
Q

extremely resistant to DNA damage by radiation

A

Deinococcus radiodurans

97
Q

wavelength most effectively absorbed by DNA is blank nanometers

A

260

98
Q

visible light at high intensities generates blank oxygen

A

singlet

99
Q

these protect many light exposed microbes from photooxidation

A

carotenoid pigments

100
Q

most microbes grow attached to surfaces rather than blank

A

free floating

101
Q

ubiquitous in nature in water and are slime enclosed communities of material

A

biofilm

102
Q

biofilms allows microbes to be more resistant to blank and blank

A

radiation, antibiotics

103
Q

prokaryotic cells in biofilms communicate in a density dependent manner called blank sensing

A

quorum

Microbiology (26 decks)

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