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Microbiology > Chapter 14 - Genetics (Important Chapter) > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Genetics (Important Chapter) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

study of heredity

A

genetics

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2
Q

passing on characteristics from parents to offspring so they resemble parents and each other

A

heredity

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3
Q

actual expressed properties or charactertics

A

phenotype

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4
Q

organisms genetic makeup and total collection of genes

A

genotype

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5
Q

total genetic material in cell; all the cell’s DNA; all viruses’ DNA or RNA

A

genome

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6
Q

any factor affecting the expression of the phenotype other than the genes

A

eenvironment

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7
Q

functional unit of genetic information is the

A

gene

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8
Q

segment of DNA in cells which contains the coded information that determines the kinds of RNA

A

genes

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9
Q

all genes make blank

A

RNA

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10
Q

pathway from DNA to RNA to protein is gene expression

A

central dogma

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11
Q

bonds holding nucleotides together

A

phosphodiester bonds

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12
Q

DNA is usually blank stranded compared to RNA with blank

A

two , one

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13
Q

covalent bonds between the 3’ hydroxyl of one sugar a and a 5’ hydroxyl of another sugar make up the

A

sugar phosphate backbone

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14
Q

a virus either has blank or blank but never blank

A

DNA or RNA, both

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15
Q

DNA and RNA can be blank or blank in viruses

A

single or double stranded

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16
Q

viral blank can be linear or circular

A

nucleic acid

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17
Q

most viral genomes have between about blank and blank genes

A

20 and 100

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18
Q

viral genomes are packed within a protein coat called the blank

A

capsid

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19
Q

double helix is underwound

A

negative supercoiling

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20
Q

double helix is overwound

A

positive supercoiling

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21
Q

supercoiling packs DNA into a small

A

volume

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22
Q

prokaryotes have between about blank and blank genes

A

2000, 5000

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23
Q

eukaryotic genomes are always composed of blank DNA

A

double stranded

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24
Q

eukaryotic genomes are mostly blank with some blank

A

linear, circular

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25
Q

positively charged bunches that have DNA wrapped around them

A

histones

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26
Q

naked DNA is blank long

A

2 nm

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27
Q

nucleosomes are blank long

A

10 nm

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28
Q

solenoids are blank long

A

30 nm

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29
Q

nucleosomes, supercoils, and solenoids are part of the blank

A

eukaryotic genome

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30
Q

origin and is replicated as a unit of DNA

A

replicon

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31
Q

Archaea can have more than one blank in DNA

A

origin

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32
Q

type of RNA polymerase that makes the primer

A

DNA primase

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33
Q

DNA blank fills in cracks in DNA strand

A

ligase

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34
Q

DNA replication starts at the blank site

A

origin

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35
Q

pieces of primer are added to the DNA in small sections and when they are removed they leave gaps called blank

A

okazaki fragments

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36
Q

this separates the double stranded DNA into two opposite strands and uses ATP

A

helicase

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37
Q

DNA blank relieves tension so the replicated DNA does not break before completion

A

topoisomerase

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38
Q

the job of the primer is to supply a blank group so the main DNA can start being formed from there

A

hydroxyl

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39
Q

DNA ligase seals nicks in the blank

A

phosphodiester bonds

40
Q

the leading strand uses blank synthesis of new DNA

A

continuous

41
Q

the lagging strand has blank that form because it is not blank

A

okazaki fragments, continuous

42
Q

The main polymerase in DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase III

43
Q

DNA polymerase III is a complex of blank enzymes

A

10

44
Q

DNA topoisomerase is aka

A

gyrase

45
Q

DNA polymerase is always in the blank to blank direction

A

5’, 3’

46
Q

proofreading is done by blank and is the removal of mismatched base from the blank end of the strand

A

DNA polymerase III, 3’

47
Q

proofreading is not blank

A

100% efficient

48
Q

some viruses may not have blank and just blank

A

DNA, RNA

49
Q

linear sequence of nucleotides with a fixed start and end point

A

gene

50
Q

nucleotide sequence in a gene that have the information for amino acid placement in a polypeptide

A

coding sequences

51
Q

entire gene is continuous coding sequence in blank

A

prokaryotes

52
Q

template strand of DNA directs blank synthesis

A

mRNA

53
Q

template is read in the blank to blank direction

A

3’, 5’

54
Q

the recognition and binding site for RNA polymerase that orients polymerase

A

promoter

55
Q

synthesis of any RNA using DNA as a template

A

transcription

56
Q

This mRNA is often found in Bacteria and Archaea

A

polycistronic

57
Q

start codon

A

AUG

58
Q

three stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

59
Q

core enzyme + sigma factor =

A

holoenzyme

60
Q

only the blank can begin blank

A

holoenzyme, transcription

61
Q

the sigma factor of a holoenzyme has no catalytic activity but helps the core enzyme blank the start of genes (blank)

A

recognize, promoter

62
Q

site of transcription initiation

A

promoter

63
Q

promoter is the site where blank binds to initiate transcription

A

RNA polymerase

64
Q

the -10 sequence is called the blank and the -35 sequence is called the blank. blank show up in these boxes

A

tata box, ttgac box, mutations

65
Q

after binding, RNA polymerase unwinds the blank

A

DNA

66
Q

eukaryotic transcription occurs in the blank

A

nucleus

67
Q

three types of eukaryotic RNA polymerases

A

I, II, III

68
Q

RNA polymerase I catalyzes blank synthesis

A

rRNA

69
Q

RNA polymerase II catalyzes blank synthesis

A

mRNA

70
Q

RNA polymerase III synthesizes blank molecules

A

tRNA

71
Q

introns are removed from the initial RNA transcript by blank in eukaryotes

A

splicing

72
Q

splicing of the pre RNA occurs in a large complex called a blank that contains pre mRNA

A

spliceosome

73
Q

sometimes a pre mRNA is spliced so different patterns of exons remain, this is called blank

A

alternative splicing

74
Q

these two things can happen simultaneously in prokaryotes because there is no blank

A

translation (ribosomes) and transcription, nucleus

75
Q

the relationship between specific nucleotide sequence in a gene and a specific amino acid

A

genetic code

76
Q

mRNA sequence is translated to amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain during blank

A

translation

77
Q

sequence of three ribonucleotides in mRNA that determine a specific amino acid

A

codon

78
Q

codons are complementary to DNA blank

A

triplets

79
Q

the blank on tRNA is complementary

A

anticodo

80
Q

start site for translation and is always blank

A

start codon, AUG

81
Q

61 codons that specify amino acids

A

sense codons

82
Q

the three codons used as translation termination signals and do not encode amino acids

A

non-sense codons (stop)

83
Q

up to six different codons can code for a single amino acid

A

code redundancy

84
Q

synthesis of polypeptide directed by sequence of nucleotides in mRNA

A

translation

85
Q

site of translation

A

ribosom

86
Q

this kind of transcription is in Bacteria and Archaea

A

coupled

87
Q

tertiary structure due to base pairing within the tRNA molecule

A

transfer RNA

88
Q

amino acid activation is blank by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

catalyzed

89
Q

16S rRNA ribosomal binding site binds protein needed for initiation of blank

A

translation

90
Q

23S rRNA is the blank subunit and is a blank that helps catalyze blank bond formation

A

large, ribozyme, peptide

91
Q

sequential addition of amino acids to growing polypeptide

A

elongation cycle

92
Q

elongation involves several blank factors

A

elongation

93
Q

elongation has how many phases

A

three

  1. aminoacyl tRNA binding
  2. transpeptidation reaction
  3. translocation - ribosome movement
94
Q

protein function depends on blank shape

A

3D

95
Q

proteins that aid the folding of nascent polypeptides

A

molecular chaperones

96
Q

protect cells from thermal damage

A

molecular chaperones

Microbiology (26 decks)

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