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Microbiology > Cell Chemistry > Flashcards

Cell Chemistry Flashcards

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0
Q

hold atoms in the same molecule together type of bond

A

intramolecular bonds

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1
Q

electrostatic forces occurring between positively charged and negatively charged electrons of another atom that hold these atoms together in a molecule

A

chemical bonds

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2
Q

ionic, covalent, hydrophobic, hydrogen bonds are blank bonds

A

intramolecular

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3
Q

chemical bond that form between two different molecules

A

intermolecular bonds

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4
Q

hydrogen, hydrophobic, electrostatic forces, van der waals forces can all be blank bonds

A

intermolecular bonds

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5
Q

bond formed between cation and anion

A

ionic bonds

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6
Q

strong bond between chemical elements where electrons are shared to fill valence shell

A

covalent bond

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7
Q

blank covalent bonds allow rotation

A

single

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8
Q

the force of attraction of a nucleus on the electrons moving around it

A

electronegativity

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9
Q

electrons are shared equally and there is no polarity; occurs between atoms of similar or identical electronegativity

A

non polar

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10
Q

electrons are shared unequally between two atoms so there is a negative and positive pole

A

polar

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11
Q

in cells, molecules are in water which is a blank solvent

A

polar

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12
Q

polarity promotes the blank of large molecules through hydrogen bonding

A

stability

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13
Q

polarity of water makes it blank

A

cohesive

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14
Q

ionic compound is blank

A

hydrophilic

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15
Q

polar molecules are generally blank

A

hydrophilic

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16
Q

nonpolar molecules are blank

A

hydrophobic

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17
Q

molecule that is composed of part hydrophilic and part hydrophobic regions; one part soluble one part not

A

amphipathic

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18
Q

solute and solvent make this up

A

solution

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19
Q

small molecules that are the building blocks of larger ones

A

monomers

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20
Q

large molecules

A

macromolecules

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21
Q

larger molecules composed of covalently bonded similar or identical monomers

A

polymers

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22
Q

weak bond that forms due to electrostatic interactions between hydrogen atoms with a positive polarity and more electron attracting atom with a negative polarity

A

hydrogen bond

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23
Q

weak bonds that occur when nonpolar molecules or nonpolar regions of molecules associate tightly in a polar solven; non polar molecues disrupt hydrogen bonding among water molecules so they are squeezed or pushed together by water molecules to minimum their volume

A

hydrophobic interactions

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24
Q

hydrophobic interactions play important roles in blank and blank and blank

A

enzymes binding substrates, protein conformation, stabilization of RNA

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25
Q

weak attractive forces that occur between atoms when they become very close

A

van der waals forces

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26
Q

van der waals forces occur due to blank polarites in atoms and molecules

A

temporary

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27
Q

van der waals forces play an important role in blank

A

enzyme binding substrate

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28
Q

carbon is a major component of blank macromelucules

A

all

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29
Q

functional group that can act as an acid and make molecule more polar

A

carboxyl group

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30
Q

functional group that makes molecule an alcohol, makes molecule more polar

A

hydroxyl group

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31
Q

makes molecule and organic base and makes molecule more polar functional group

A

amino group

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32
Q

triglycerides are an example of a blank

A

ester

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33
Q

fatty acids, lipids, and proteins have this functional group

A

carboxyl

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34
Q

lipids and carbohydrates have this functional group

A

alcohol

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35
Q

nucleic acids have this functional group

A

phosphate etherc

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36
Q

certain types of lipids have this functional group

A

ether

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37
Q

most abundant element

A

oxygen

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38
Q

protein and RNA make up the most of a blank cell besides blank

A

prokaryotic, water

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39
Q

water is about blank percent of cells

A

90-92

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40
Q

molecule that can form hydrogen bonds and other bonds

A

polar

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41
Q

water has a high blank

A

specific heat

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42
Q

water is a good solvent for blank and blank molecules

A

polar, ionic

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43
Q

two key features of water

A

polarity, cohesiveness

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44
Q

water molecules have high affinity for one another and form blank arrangements

A

ordered

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45
Q

salts blank in water into their respective ions

A

dissociate

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46
Q

proton donors; increase concentration of H+ ions

A

acids

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47
Q

proton acceptors; decrease the conc of H+ ions in a solution

A

bases

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48
Q

compounds that resist changes in pH by sometimes behaving like an acid, and sometimes like a base

A

buffer

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49
Q

polymers of amino acids, found throughout cell, and have important structural and enyzmatic roles

A

proteins

50
Q

non polar macromolecules that are hydrophobic

A

lipids

51
Q

polymers of sugar units macromolecule

A

carbohydrates

52
Q

organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen at a ratio of 1:2:1; polar, and hydrophilic

A

monosaccharides/disaccharides

53
Q

sugars that are structural of backbones of nucleic acids

A

pentoses

54
Q

glucose is a blank carbon molecule called blank

A

six, hexoses

55
Q

glucose comes from blank

A

cell walls

56
Q

fructose comes from blank and is a blank sugar

A

fruit, hexose

57
Q

sugar monomeric constituents of cell wall polymers and energy reserves

A

hexoses

58
Q

carbohydrates containing many monomeric units connected by glycosidic bonds

A

polysaccharides

59
Q

covalent bonds linking sugars together in a polysaccharide

A

glycosidic bonds

60
Q

carbs containing two monosaccharides

A

disaccharides

61
Q

two types of glycosidic bonds

A

alpha, beta

62
Q

orientation of glycosidic bond that cross rings structure

A

beta

63
Q

polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers joined to each other by alpha glycosidic bonds (tend to be hydrophobic) and stores energy

A

starch

64
Q

composed of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic bonds

A

structural polysaccharide

65
Q

function of structural polysaccharide is for structural blank of blank

A

strength, cell walls

66
Q

glycogen and starch have blank glycosidic bonds

A

alpha

67
Q

cellulose has blank glycosidic bonds

A

beta

68
Q

polysaccharides + proteins

A

glycoproteins

69
Q

polysaccharides + lipids

A

glycolipids

70
Q

simple fats, oils, sterols, phospholipids

A

lipids

71
Q

lipids are are blank and blank

A

non polar, hydrophobic

72
Q

fatty acids are major constituents of blank lipids

A

biological

73
Q

lipids are composed of C, H, O but not in blank ratio

A

1:2:1

74
Q

simple lipids are also called blank

A

triglycerides

75
Q

three fatty acids bonded to the C3 alcohol glycerol; for energy storage

A

simple lipids

76
Q

no double bonds between Cs in blank fatty acids

A

saturated

77
Q

double bonds between fatty acids in blank

A

unsaturated

78
Q

a phospholipid is an example of a blank lipid

A

complex

79
Q

sterols are always in blank cell membranes

A

eukaryotes

80
Q

only a few blank have sterols in cell membranes

A

prokaryotes

81
Q

hopanoids are in most blank but none in blank

A

prokaryotes, eukaryotes

82
Q

sterols and hopanoids monitor blank of cell membrane

A

fluidity

83
Q

polymer of nucleotides

A

nucleic acid

84
Q

polymer of deoxyribonucleotides

A

DNA

85
Q

polymer of ribonucleotides and plays a role in protein synthesis in cells

A

RNA

86
Q

nucleotides are composed of these three things

A
  1. pentose sugar (RNA or DNA)
  2. Nitrogen base
  3. phosphate
87
Q

nitrogen base bonded to its pentose sugar

A

nucleoside

88
Q

nitrogen base attached to pentose sugar by N glycosidic linkage and bonded to phosphate

A

nucleotide

89
Q

nucleic acids are key forms of blank energy (blank)

A

chemical, ATP

90
Q

Two types of nitrogen bases

A

pyramidine bases, purine bases

91
Q

adenine and guanine and has two rings bases

A

purine

92
Q

bases with one ring, cytosine, thymine, and uracil

A

pyramidine

93
Q

phosphate linkage that connects two sugars by an ester bond, every nucleotide joined to another on the same chain by this bond

A

phosphodiester bond

94
Q

DNA bases across from each other are held together by blank bonds

A

hydrogen

95
Q

AT forms blank

A

2

96
Q

CG forms blank

A

3

97
Q

double stranded in cells

A

DNA

98
Q

single stranded usually

A

RNA

99
Q

most have C, H, O, and N and have amino group and carboxyl group

A

amino acid

100
Q

amino acid monomers are held together by blank bonds (blank bonds)

A

covalent, peptide

101
Q

side chains can be blank, blank, or blank in amino acids

A

ionic, polar, nonpolar, acidic, basic

102
Q

peptide bond is formed by losing blank

A

water

103
Q

related but non identical molecules

A

isomers

104
Q

dexter is latin for blank

A

right

105
Q

enzymes capable of interconverting specific enantiomers

A

racemases

106
Q

structural term meaning a series of amino acids joined to each other by peptide bonds

A

polypeptide

107
Q

functional unit consisting of one or more polypeptides having one or more functions

A

protein

108
Q

a polypeptide could be a blank or a subunit of a larger blank

A

whole protein, protein

109
Q

optical isomers

A

enantiomers

110
Q

carbs with several monosaccharides

A

oligosaccharides

111
Q

carbs with very large amount of monosaccharides

A

polysaccharides

112
Q

linear array of amino acids in a polypeptide

A

primary structure

113
Q

folds in polypeptide that form a more stable structure; held together by hydrogen bonding between amino group Hydrogen and carbonyl Oxygen

A

secondary structure

114
Q

two amino acids bonded by peptide linkage

A

dipeptide

115
Q

many amino acids bonded by peptide linkage and proteins are comprised of one or more of these

A

polypeptide

116
Q

three amino acids bonded by peptide linkage

A

tripeptide

117
Q

additional folding of polypeptide to result in greater stability and unique 3d shape

A

tertiary structure

118
Q

covalent bonds between -SH groups from two different amino acids

A

disulfide bonds

119
Q

how tertiary structure is held together

A

hydrogen bonds, electrostatic forces, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bonds

120
Q

occurs in proteins composed of two or more polypeptides

A

quaternary structure

121
Q

each polypeptide in the protein, held together by either/both covalent bonds is called

A

subunit

122
Q

unfolding of polypeptide chains because of loss of biological function, extreme pH, chemicals, or temperature extremes

A

denaturization

123
Q

denaturization can be blank or blank

A

reversible, irreversible

Microbiology (26 decks)

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