chapter 9 Flashcards
biotechnology
the use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product
*food, antibiotic, vitamins, enzymes
recombinant DNA technology
insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins
vector
self replicating DNA used to carry the desired gene to a new cell, can be plasmids and viruses
clone
population of cells arising from 1 cell, each carries the new gene
making transgenic organism (rDNA) steps 1-3
- vector, such as a plasmid, is isolated
- DNA containing gene of interest from a different species is cleaved by an enzyme into fragments
- desired gene is selected and inserted into plasmid
making transgenic organism (rDNA) steps 4-6a, 6b
- plasmid is taken up by a cell, such as bacterium
- cells w gene of interest cloned
6a. create and harvest copy of gene- pesticides, toxic waste disposal
6b. create and havest protein products of gene- human growth hormone, textiles
explain PCR process
- denaturization- occurs by heating double strand to make single strands of DNA
- primer anealing- primer sticks to ends of target strands
- primer extension- DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to ends of primers to make double helix
PCR
makes multiple copies of DNA for cloning, sequencing, detecting pathogens and genetic diseases, happens in a machine
restriction enzyme
cut specific sequences of DNA, destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells, cannot digest (host) DNA w methylated cytosines
3 ways foreign DNA can be inserted into a cell
electroporation
transformation
protoplast fusion
genomic libraries
pieces of an entire genome stored in plasmids or phages
genetic engineering w agrobacterium (6 steps)
- the plasmid is removed from the bacterium and the tDNA is cut by a restriction enzyme
- foreign DNA is cut by the same enzyme
- foreign DNA is inserted into the tDNA of the plasmid
- the plasmid is reinserted into a bacterium
- insert tDNA carrying foreign gene
- plant cells grown in culture w plant generated from cell clone
