Chapter 14

Question 1

Pathogenesis

Answer 1

The development of disease

Question 2

Symbiosis

Answer 2

Relation between normal microbiota and the host cell

Question 3

Probiotics

Answer 3

Live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect

Question 4

Koch postulate

Answer 4

1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
2. the pathogen must be isolated from disease host and grown in pure culture.
3. the pathogen must cause disease when its inoculated into a healthy lab animal.
4. The pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original animal.

Question 5

Symptom

Answer 5

A change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease.

Question 6

Sign

Answer 6

A change in body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease.

Question 7

Syndrome

Answer 7

A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

Question 8

Communicable disease

Answer 8

A disease that is spread from one host to another.

Question 9

Contagious

Answer 9

A disease that is easily spread from one host to another.

Question 10

Incidence

Answer 10

Fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time.

Question 11

Prevalence

Answer 11

Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time.

Question 12

Sporadic

Answer 12

Disease that occurs occasionally in a population.

Question 13

Endemic

Answer 13

A disease constantly present in a population.

Question 14

Epidemic

Answer 14

Disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time.

Question 15

Pandemic

Answer 15

Worldwide epidemic

Question 16

Acute disease

Answer 16

Symptoms develops rapidly

Question 17

Chronic disease

Answer 17

Disease develops slowly

Question 18

Latent disease

Answer 18

Disease with a period of no symptoms when the causative agent is inactive.

Question 19

Systemic infection

Answer 19

An infection throughout the body

Question 20

Sepsis

Answer 20

Toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes especially bacteria or their toxins from a focus of infection.

Question 21

Bacteremia

Answer 21

Bacteria in the blood

Question 22

Septicemia

Answer 22

Growth of bacteria in the blood

Question 23

Toxemia

Answer 23

Toxins in the blood

Question 24

Viremia

Answer 24

Viruses in the blood

Question 25

Primary infection

Answer 25

Acute infection that causes the initial illness

Question 26

Secondary infection

Answer 26

Opportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing) infection

Question 27

Subclinical disease

Answer 27

No noticeable signs or symptoms (inapparent infection)

Question 28

Reservoir

Answer 28

Continual sources of infection

Question 29

Carriers

Answer 29

May have unapparent infections or latent disease.

Question 30

Zoonoses

Answer 30

May be transmitted to humans from animals.

Question 31

Morbidity

Answer 31

Incidence of a specific notifiable disease.

Question 32

Mortality

Answer 32

Deaths from notifiable diseases.

Question 33

Normal microbiota

Answer 33

Permenantly colonize the host example bacteria on lining of stomach. Protect the host by producing acids.

Question 34

Tranisent microbiota

Answer 34

May be present for days, weeks or months.

Question 35

Commenalism

Answer 35

One organism benefits and other is uneffected.

Question 36

Mutualism

Answer 36

Both organism benefit.

Question 37

Parasitism

Answer 37

One organism benefit at the expense of the other.

Question 38

Herd immunity

Answer 38

Immunity in most of the population.

Question 39

4 predisposing factors of disease

Answer 39

``` Makes the body more susceptible to disease: 1-short urethra in females. 2-climate and weather. 3-fatigue 4-age ```

Question 40

Epidemiology

Answer 40

The study of where and when diseases occur.

Question 41

3 types of epidemiologic investigations

Answer 41

1-descriptive: collection of data. Snow: cholera 2-analytical: comparison of a diseased group & healthy group. Nightingale: sanitation. 3-experimental: controlled experiments. Semmelweis: handwashing