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microbiology > Ch 8 > Flashcards

Ch 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe how DNA serves as genetic information.

A

Flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.

replication-transcription-translation

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2
Q

polymerase

A

copies DNA

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3
Q

semiconservative

A

double helix of parent DNA splits to make daughter strand

*one old to make one new

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4
Q

protein synthesis

A

translation from RNA

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5
Q

transcription

A

DNA is transcribed to make RNA

*R in transcRibed for RNA

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6
Q

What is the direction of DNA synthesis

A

5’ to 3’

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7
Q

prokaryotes protein synthesis

A

simutaneous transcription and translation- single circular DNA

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8
Q

eukaryotes protein synthesis

A

uses exons and introns- introns cut out and exons glued together w snRNPs

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9
Q

operons

A

a set location of DNA that code for a gene

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10
Q

operon examples

A

lac operon- induction

trp operon- repression

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11
Q

3 parts of an operon

A
  1. control region- where promoter located
  2. operator- on/off switch
  3. structural genes
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12
Q

constitutive genes

A

expressed at a fixed rate

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13
Q

repressible genes

A

on until off- blocks polymerase

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14
Q

inducible genes

A

off until turned on- blocks polymerase

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15
Q

catabolic genes

A

needs food source

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16
Q

epigenetic control

A

methylating nucleotides- methylated (off) genes are passed to offspring

  • not permanent
  • biofilm behavior
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17
Q

microRNA

A

RNA is degraded

18
Q

spontaneous mutations

A

occur in the absence of a mutagen

19
Q

base substitution mutation

A

point mutation w outcome of missense or nonsense mutation

20
Q

frameshift mutation

A

insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide pairs

21
Q

chromosome

A

structure containing DNA that physically carries hereditary information; the chromosomes contain the genes

22
Q

gene

A

a segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein

23
Q

DNA nucleotides

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

24
Q 
DNA synthesis (6) 
Replication
A
  1. DNA copied by DNA polymerase in the 5’-3’ direction
  2. Initiated by an RNA primer
  3. leading strand is synthesized continuously
  4. lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously
  5. Okazaki fragments
  6. RNA primers are removed and Okazaki fragments joined by a DNA polymerase and DNA ligase
25
Q

replication fork

A

point where strands of DNA split

26
Q

outcome from base mutation

A

missense (change in amino acid) or nonsenses mutation (results in a stop codon)

27
Q

how are mutations repaired?

A

photolyase- seperates thymine dimers

excision repair

28
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

transfer of genes between cells of the same generation

29
Q

4 methods of horizontal gene transfer

A
  1. genetic transformation
  2. genetic recombination
  3. conjugation
  4. transduction by bacteriophage
30
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

occurs during reproduction between generation of cells- parent to daughter cell

31
Q

plasmids

A

contain genes for resistance (antibiotic), conjugation (sex pili), and production of toxins

32
Q

transposons

A

segments of DNA that can move from one region to another

33
Q

promoter

A

starts transcription process- where RNA polymerase binds to the DNA strand

34
Q

terminator

A

stop codon that ends transcription

35
Q

codon

A

3 nucleotide sequence where mRNA is translated

AUG- start codon

36
Q

anticodon

A

codons found on the tRNA

37
Q

mRNA

A

created at the end of transcription- what codes the DNA

38
Q

ribosome

A

where protein synthesis occurs

39
Q

rRNA

A

makes up a ribosome

40
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA that bring the amino acid that combines with the mRNA to make proteins

microbiology (40 decks)

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