Ch 19 Flashcards
anaphylactic hypersensitivity
Type 1, reaction in less than 30 min
*bug bites
IgE attached to mast cells and basophils-> undergo degranulation and releases histamine, leukotrines, and prostaglandin
anaphylactic prevention
desensitizing injections of antigen cause IgG antibodies
cytotoxic sensitivity
Type 2, reaction in 5-12 hrs
involve IgG or IgM antibodies and complement (causes cell lysis, macrophages)
*hemolytic disease of newborn, drug-induced thrombocytopenia purpura, Graves disease (autoimmune)
immune complex hypersensitivity
type 3, 3-8 hrs
* food allergies, lupus (autoimmune)
IgG antibodies and antigens form immune complexes that lodge in basement mwmbrane
Delayed cell-mediated hypersensitivity
type 4, 21 days
*poison ivy, contact dermatitis, psoriasis (autoimmune)
cytokines attract macrophages and T cells
4 hypersensitivity reactions
anaphylactic
cytotoxic
immune complex
delayed cell-mediated
systemic anaphylaxis
may result in circulatory collapse and death
localized anaphylaxis
hives, hay fever, and asthema
blood type A
has anti-B antibodies
A antigens
Blood type B
anti-A antibodies
B antigen
Blood type AB
no antibodies
A and B antigens
Blood type O
anti- A and anti- B antibodies
no antigens
blood type disease susceptibility
B- black plague
A- small pox
hemolytic disease of the newborn
Rh+ dad and Rh- mom creates anti- Rh antigens with first pregnancy, if second pregnancy is Rh+ anti-Rh antibodies will cross placenta and damage fetal red blood cells
*cytotoxic
autoimmune diseases
loss of self-tolerance
histocompatability antigens
self antigens on cell surfaces
major hisocompatibility complex (MHC)
genes encoding histocompatibility antigens
HLA
human leukocyte antigen complex-> MHC genes in humans
-some markers have increased incidence in diseases, reactions to transplants
What type of cells attack cancer cells
CTL (activated Tc) cells lyse cancer
immune surveillance
transplantation reactions
may be attacked by T-cells, macrophages, and complement-fixing antibodies
transplants to privileged sites do not cause immune response
stem cells may allow therapeutic cloning
autograft
use of one’s own tissue
isograft
use of identical twin’s tissue
allograft
use of tissue from another person
xenotransplantation
use of nonhuman tissue
graft-versus-host disease
can result from transplanted bone marrow that contains immunocompetent cells
immunotoxins
link poisons w a monoclonal antibody directed at a tumor antigen
congenital immunodeficiencies
due to defective or missing genes
acquired immunodeficiencies
develop during an individuals life due to drugs, cancers, and infections
AIDS phase 1
asymptomatic or chronic lymphadenopathy
AIDS phase 2
symptomatic- early indication of immune failure
AIDS phase 3
AIDS indicator conditions
HIV infection
spike recognition
- retrovirus enters by fusion
- viral DNA incorporated into nucleus
- transcription and release of viral proteins
- mature virus leaves cells w envelope and attachment spike
cells effected by HIV
CD4+ T cells, macrophages
can be active or latent
diseases associated w AIDS
cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex virus, Kaposi’s sarcoma, cervical dysplasia
survival w HIV infection
- exposed, but not infected (CCR5 mutation)
2. long-term nonprogressors (low viral load, effective CTLs)
HIV diagnostic methods
seroconversion (takes 3 months)
ELISA (HIV antibodies0
plasma viral load (PVL)
HIV transmission
survives 6 hrs outside cell
survives less than 1.5 days in a cell
infected body fluids
