ch 20

Question 1

antimicrobial drugs types

Answer 1

chemotherapy
antibiotics
selective toxicity

Question 2

chemotherapy

Answer 2

the use of drugs to treat a disease

Question 3

antimicrobial drugs

Answer 3

interfere with the growth of microbes within a host

Question 4

antibiotic

Answer 4

a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe

Question 5

selective toxicity

Answer 5

a drug that kills harmful microbes without damaging the host

Question 6

5 modes of action of antimicrobial drugs

Answer 6

1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. inhibition of protein synthesis
3. inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription
4. inhibition of synthesis and essential metabolites
5. injury to plasma membrane

Question 7

inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Answer 7

penicillins, cephalosporins, bacitran, vancomycin

Question 8

inhibition of protein synthesis

Answer 8

chloramphenical, erythromycin, tetracyclines, streptomycin

Question 9

inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription

Answer 9

quinolones, rifampin

Question 10

injury to plasma membrane

Answer 10

polymyxin B

Question 11

inhibition of synthesis of essential metabolites

Answer 11

sulfanilamide, trimethoprim

Question 12

streptomycin

Answer 12

changes shape of 30S causing code on mRNA to be read incorrectly

Question 13

chloramphenical

Answer 13

binds to 50S portion and inhibits formation of peptide bond

Question 14

tetracycline

Answer 14

interfere w attachment of tRNA to mRNA-ribosome complex

Question 15

bactericidal

Answer 15

kill microbes directly

Question 16

bacteriostatic

Answer 16

prevent microbes from growing

Question 17

natural penicillin

Answer 17

G-injection

V-oral

Question 18

semisynthetic penicillin types

Answer 18

1. oxacillin

2. ampicillin

Question 19

oxacillin

Answer 19

narrow spectrum
only-gram positive
resistant to penicillinase

Question 20

ampicillin

Answer 20

extended spectrum

many gram negatives

Question 21

beta-lactam antibiotics

Answer 21

penicillin, carbapenems, monobactum

Question 22

how to test for microbial susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents

Answer 22

disc-diffusion method - shows inhibition

Question 23

4 methods of resistance to antibiotics

Answer 23

1. blocking entry
2. inactivating enzymes
3. alteration of target molecule
4. efflux of antibiotic

Question 24

5 ways antibiotics are misused

Answer 24

1. using outdated or weakened antibiotics
2. using for inappropriate conditions (viruses)
3. use in animal feed
4. failing to complete prescribed regimen
5. use someone else’s leftovers

Question 25

synergism

Answer 25

occurs when the effect of 2 drugs together is greater thanthe effect of either alone

Question 26

antagonism

Answer 26

occurs when the effect of 2 drugs together is less than the effect of either alone

Question 27

superinfection

Answer 27

overgrowth of microbes

Question 28

antimicrobial drugs- eukaryotes- fungi

Answer 28

ketoconazole

Question 29

antimicrobial drugs- eukaryotes- protozoa

Answer 29

mefloquine (malaria)

Question 30

antimicrobial drugs- eukaryotes- helminths

Answer 30

niclosamide-tapeworms

praziquantel- flukes

Question 31

antimicrobial drugs- eukaryotes- viruses

Answer 31

acyclovir

Question 32

antimicrobial drugs- prokaryotes- mycobacteria

Answer 32

isoniazid
streptomycin
tetracycline

Question 33

antimicrobial drugs- prokaryotes- gram-negative bacteria

Answer 33

streptomycin

tetracycline

Question 34

antimicrobial drugs- prokaryotes- gram-positive bacteria

Answer 34

penicillin G

tetracycline

Question 35

antimicrobial drugs- prokaryotes- chlamydias, rickettsias

Answer 35

tetracycline