Ch 4

Question 1

prokaryotes

Answer 1

“prenucleus,” simple, 1 circular chromosome not in a membrane, no histones, no organelles, binary fission, have a nucleiod (DNA)
*bacteria, archaea

Question 2

eukaryotes

Answer 2

complex, nucleus, paired chromosomes in nuclear membrane, histones, organelles, polysaccharide cell walls, mitotic spindle reproduction

Question 3

3 shapes of bacteria

Answer 3

bacillus- rod, coccus- spherical, spiral-spirillum, vibrio, spirochete
*pairs-dip, clusters-staph, chains-strep

Question 4

glycocalyx

Answer 4

outside the cell wall, usually sticky, extracellular polysaccharide allows cells to attach

Question 5

capsule

Answer 5

organized glycocalyx that prevents phagocytosis

Question 6

flagella

Answer 6

attached to protein hook w basal body outside cell wall, rotates
*gram pos- single basal body
gram neg- multiple basal bodies

Question 7

axial filaments

Answer 7

“endoflagella” inside spirochete, anchored at an end of cell

Question 8

fimbrae

Answer 8

shorter than flagella, all around cell, allows attachment like velcro

Question 9

pili

Answer 9

sex pili conjugation- transfers DNA from one cell to another

Question 10

gram positive cell walls

Answer 10

thick peptidoglycan and teichoic acids, may regulate movement of cations, provide antgenic variation, stains blue, can change their name

Question 11

gram negative cell walls

Answer 11

thin peptidoglcon, outer membrane, periplasmic space, harder to kill, stains pink, can make endotoxins

Question 12

prokaryotic plasma membrane-chemistry

Answer 12

phospholipid bilayer, integral proteins

Question 13

prokaryotic plasma membrane- structure

Answer 13

membrane is viscous, allows for protein movement, selective permeability

Question 14

prokaryotic plasma membrane- functions

Answer 14

allows passage for some enzymes (ATP)

Question 15

4 inclusions

Answer 15

1. metachromatic granules (volutin)-phosphate/energy reserves
2. carboxysomes- CO2 fixation
3. gas vacuoles- protein covered cylinders
4. magnetosomes- destroys H2O2

Question 16

endospores

Answer 16

resting cells, resistant to desiccation, heat, and chemicals

Question 17

sporulation

Answer 17

endospore formation

Question 18

endospore germination

Answer 18

return to vegitative state

Question 19

nucleus

Answer 19

contains chromosomes

Question 20

endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 20

transport network

Question 21

golgi complex

Answer 21

membrane formation and secretion

Question 22

lysosomes

Answer 22

digestive enzymes

Question 23

vaccules

Answer 23

brings food into cells and provides support

Question 24

mitochodria

Answer 24

cellular respiration

Question 25

chloroplasts

Answer 25

photosynthesis

Question 26

peroxisomes

Answer 26

oxidation of fatty acids, destroys H2O2

Question 27

centrosomes

Answer 27

consists of protein fibers and centrioles

Question 28

endosymbiotic theory of eukaryote evolution

Answer 28

chloroplasts and mitochondria similar to prokaryotes

Question 29

3 aspects of mitochondria that support endosymbiotic theory

Answer 29

1. DNA 2. ribosomes 3. double membrane bound

Question 30

isotonic solution

Answer 30

no net movement of water

Question 31

hypoonic solution

Answer 31

water moves into the cell

Question 32

hypertonic solution

Answer 32

water moves out of the cell

Question 33

eukaryotic cell wall

Answer 33

made of carbohydrates

Question 34

eukaryotic plasma membrane

Answer 34

endocytosis - phagocytosis - pintocytosis