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AP Biology > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell

A

Anaphase

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2
Q

The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division

A

Anchorage dependence

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3
Q

A radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis

A

Aster

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4
Q

A mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the sellers are not capable of surviving a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumors origin

A

Benign tumor

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5
Q

A method of asexual reproduction and single celled organisms in which the cell grows to roughly double in size and then divides into two cells in prokaryotes this does not involve mitosis, but in single celled eukaryotes the undergrowth this, mitosis is part of the process

A

Binary fission

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6
Q

An order and sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin and the division of a parent cell until its own division into two. Th eukaryotic cell cycle is composed of interphase (including G1, S, and G2 sub phases) and M phase (including mitosis and cytokinesis)

A

Cell cycle

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7
Q

A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

A

Cell cycle control system

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8
Q

The reproduction of cells

A

Cell division

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9
Q

A membrane bounded, flat in sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis

A

Cell plate

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10
Q

And I duplicated chromosome the region on each sister chromatid where it is most closely attached to it sister chromatid by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a construction in the condensed chromosome (an uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome as a single centromere, identified by its DNA sequence)

A

Centromere

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11
Q

A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule organizing center and is important during cell division. It has two centrioles

A

Centrosome

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12
Q

A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go ahead signals can regulate the cycle

A

Checkpoint

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13
Q

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes,.when the cell is not dividing it exists and in itsdispersed form, as a mass of very long thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope

A

Chromatin

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14
Q

A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules. (And some context such as genome sequencing, the term may refer to the DNA alone) A eukaryotic cell typically has multiple linear ones, which are located in the nucleus. A prokaryotic cell has a single circular one which is found in a nucleoid a region that is not enclosed by a membrane

A

Chromosome

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15
Q
  1. The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. 2. The succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells
A

Cleavage

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16
Q

The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell and the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

A

Cleavage furrow

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17
Q

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis one, or meiosis two

A

Cytokinesis

18
Q

The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another

A

Density dependent inhibition

19
Q

A nondividing stay occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly

A

G0 phase

20
Q

The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins

A

G1 phase

21
Q

The second gap, or growth phase of the cell cycle consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs

A

G2 phase

22
Q

A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. They unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote

A

Gamete

23
Q

The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organisms or viruses jeans along with it’s non-coding nucleic acid sequences

A

Genome

24
Q
  1. A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (Culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. 2. A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation 
A

Growth factor

25
Q

The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During this phase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes in organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. This phase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

26
Q

A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle

A

Kinetochore

27
Q

A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. These can impair the function of one or more organs

A

Malignant tumor

28
Q

The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes attached to microtubules at their kinetochore, are all aligned at the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase

29
Q

An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromere’s of all the duplicated chromosomes are located

A

Metaphase plate

30
Q

The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from the original site

A

Metastasis

31
Q

A process of nuclear division and eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. It conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each other daughter nuclei

A

Mitosis

32
Q

The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis

A

Mitotic phase

33
Q

An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

A

Mitotic spindle

34
Q

Site where the replication of DNA molecule begins consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides

A

Origen of replication

35
Q

The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach the kinetochores of the chromosomes

A

Prometaphase

36
Q

The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discreet chromosomes visible bowl with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact

A

Prophase

37
Q

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is

A

S phase

38
Q

Two copies of duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere and sometimes along the arms. While joined two of these make up one chromosome. Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis two

A

Sister chromatids

39
Q

Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors

A

Somatic cell

40
Q

The fifth and final stage of mitosis, and which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun

A

Telophase

41
Q
  1. The process by which a cell in culture acquires the ability to divide indefinitely, similar to the decision of cancer cells. 2. Exchange and genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer
A

Transformation

AP Biology (23 decks)

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