Chapter 16

Question 1

A type of programmed cell death that is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down by many chemical components in the cell.

Answer 1

Apoptosis

Question 2

A maternal gene that codes for a protein responsible for specifying the anterior end in drosophila melanogaster

Answer 2

Bicoid

Question 3

A maternal substance, such as a protein or RNA, that when placed into an egg influences the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells.

Answer 3

Cytoplasmic determinant

Question 4

The progressive restriction of developmental potential whereby the possible fate of each cell becomes more limited as an embryo develops. At the end, a cell iscommitted to its fate.

Answer 4

Determination

Question 5

The process by which a cell or group of cells become specialized in structure and function

Answer 5

Differentiation

Question 6

A mutation with a phenotype leading to death of an embryo or larva

Answer 6

Embryonic lethal

Question 7

Any of the master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization body parts in animals, plants, and fungi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells

Answer 7

Homeotic gene

Question 8

The process in which one group of embryonic cells influences the development of another, usually by causing changes in gene expression

Answer 8

Induction

Question 9

A gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardless of the offspring’s genotype. They are also called egg-polarity genes and were 1st identified in drosophila melanogaster

Answer 9

Maternal effect gene

Question 10

A particular species chosen for research into broad biological principles because it is representative of a larger group and usually easy to grow in a lab.

Answer 10

Model organism

Question 11

A substance, such as bicoid protein in Drosophila, that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis

Answer 11

Morphogen

Question 12

The development of the form of an organism and its structures

Answer 12

Morphogenesis

Question 13

A gene found in viral or cellular genomes that is involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer

Answer 13

Oncogene

Question 14

A tumor- suppressor gene that codes for a specific transcription factor that promotes the synthesis of proteins that inhibit the cell cycle.

Answer 14

P53 gene

Question 15

The development of a multicellular organism’s spatial organization, the arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in 3d space

Answer 15

Pattern formation

Question 16

Describing a cell that can give vise to many, but not all, parts of an organism

Answer 16

Pluripotent

Question 17

Molecular cues that control pattern formation in an animal or plant embryonic structure by indicating a cell’s location relative to the organism’s body axes. These cues elicit a response by genes that regulate development

Answer 17

Positional Information

Question 18

A normal cellular gene that has the potential to become an oncogene

Answer 18

Proto-oncogene

Question 19

A gene that codes for Ras, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases, ultimately resulting in stimulation of the cell cycle.

Answer 19

ras gene

Question 20

Any relatively unspecialized cell that can produce, during a single division, one identical daughter cell and one more specialized daughter cell that can undergo further differentiation

Answer 20

Stem cell

Question 21

Describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult, as well as extraembryonic membranes in species that have them

Answer 21

Totipotent

Question 22

A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer

Answer 22

Tumor - suppressor gene