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AP Biology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A substance that increases a hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

A

Acid

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2
Q

The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to a plant cell walls, by means of hydrogen bonds

A

Adhesion

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3
Q

A negatively charged ion

A

Anion

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4
Q

A solution in which water is the solvent

A

Aqueous solution

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5
Q

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

A

Atom

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6
Q

The total mass of an atom, numerically equivalent to the mass in grams of one mole of the atom (For an element with more than one isotope, the atomic mass is the average mass of a naturally occurring isotopes, weighted by their abundance


A

Atomic mass

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7
Q

An atom’s dense central core, containing protons and neutrons

A

Atomic nucleus

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8
Q

A substance that reduces a hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

A

Base

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9
Q

A solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base. A buffer minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution

A

Buffer

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10
Q

Amount of heat energy required to raise a temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C; Also the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1°C. The Callorie usually used to indicate the energy content of food is a kilo calorie

A

Calorie

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11
Q

A positively charged ion

A

Cation

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12
Q

An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outershell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells

A

Chemical bond

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13
Q

The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter

A

Chemical reaction

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14
Q

The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

A

Cohesion

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15
Q

A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

A

Compound

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16
Q

A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

A

Covalent bond

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17
Q

A measure of mass for atoms in subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit or amu

A

Dalton

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18
Q

A double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms

A

Double bond

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19
Q

A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom

A

Electron

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20
Q

An energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom

A

Electron shell

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21
Q

The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

A

Electronegativity

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22
Q

Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substances by chemical reactions

A

Element

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23
Q

The capacity to cause change especially to do work (To move matter against an opposing force)

A

Energy

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24
Q

A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce

A

Essential element

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25
Q

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from a liquid to the gaseous state

A

Evaporative cooling

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26
Q

Thermal energy and transfer from one body of matter to another

A

Heat

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27
Q

The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from a liquid to the gaseous state

A

Heat of vaporization

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28
Q

The sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion

A

Hydration shell

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29
Q

A type of week chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to a slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule

A

Hydrogen bond

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30
Q

A single proton with a charge of 1+. The dissociation of a water molecule(H2O) leads to the generation of a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a hydrogen ion (H+) ; in water, H+ is not found alone but associates with a water molecule to form a hydronium ion

A

Hydrogen ion

31
Q

Having an affinity for water

A

Hydrophilic

32
Q

Having no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water

A

Hydrophobic

33
Q

A water molecule that has lost a proton; OH-

A

Hydroxide ion

34
Q

An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge

A

Ion

35
Q

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions

A

Ionic bond

36
Q

A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called a salt

A

Ionic compound

37
Q

One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons, does differing in atomic mass

A

Isotope

38
Q

A unit of energy: 1 J= 0.239 Cal; one cal= 4.184 J

A

Joule (J)

39
Q

1000 cal; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C

A

Kilocalorie(kcal)

40
Q

The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter

A

Kinetic energy

41
Q

The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

A

Mass number

42
Q

Anything that takes up space and has

A

Matter

43
Q

A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

A

Molarity

44
Q

The number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight and daltons and it contains Avogadro’s number of molecules

A

Mole (mol)

45
Q

The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight

A

Molecular mass

46
Q

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

A

Molecule

47
Q

A subatomic particle having no electric (e charge (electrically neutral), with a mass of about 1.7×10-24 g ,found in the nucleus of an atom

A

Neutron

48
Q

A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity

A

Nonpolar covalent bond

49
Q

The process by which the pH of the ocean has lowered (made more acidic) when excess CO2 dissolves in seawater and forms carbonic acid (H2CO3)

A

Ocean acidification

50
Q

A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to log [H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14

A

pH

51
Q

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive

A

Polar covalent bond

52
Q

A molecule (such as water) with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule

A

Polar molecule

53
Q

The energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure)

A

Potential energy

54
Q

Immaterial resulting from a chemical reaction

A

Product

55
Q

A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7×10-24 g, found in the nucleus of an atom

A

Proton

56
Q

An isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off the detectable particles and energy

A

Radioactive isotope

57
Q

Starting material in a chemical reaction

A

Reactant

58
Q

A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; Also called an ionic compound

A

Salt

59
Q

A single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

A

Single bond

60
Q

A substance that is dissolved in a solution

A

Solute 

61
Q

A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

A

Solution

62
Q

Dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known

A

Solvent

63
Q

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C

A

Specific heat

64
Q

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

A

Surface tension

65
Q

A measure in degrees of the average kinetic energy (thermal energy) of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter

A

Temperature

66
Q

Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in its most random form. See also heat

A

Thermal energy

67
Q

An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts

A

Trace element

68
Q

The bonding of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds an atom can form, which usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outer most (valence) shell

A

Valance

69
Q

An electron in the outer most electron shell

A

Valance electron

70
Q

The outer most energy shell of an atom, containing the valance electrons involved in chemical reactions of that atom

A

Valance shell

71
Q

Wake attractions between molecules are parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges

A

Van der Waals interaction

72
Q

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript

A

Atomic number

73
Q

In a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of a forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of reactants and products do not change with time

A

Chemical equilibrium

74
Q

A water molecule that has an extra proton bound to it; H3O+, commonly represented as H+

A

Hydronium ion

AP Biology (23 decks)

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