Chapter 3 Flashcards
See ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Adenosine triphosphate
An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides
Amino acid
Referring to the arrangement of the sugar phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix
Anti-parallel
An adenine containing nucleoside triphospate that releases free energy when it’s phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions and cells
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
A sugar (Monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (Disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)
Carbohydrate
A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction
Catalyst
A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by B glycosidic linkages
Cellulose
A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods
Chitin
A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones
Cholesterol
One of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds; formally called a geometric isomer
Cis-trans isomer
A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule
Dehydration reaction
In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds in interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions (noncellular) of PH, salt concentration, or temperature
Denaturation
A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double stranded helix, in which each pollynucleotide strand consist of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogens bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), and thymine (T); Capable of being replicated in determining the inherited structure of a cell is proteins
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides
Deoxyribose
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction
Disaccharide
The form of native DNA, referring to is two adjacent anti-parallel poly nucleotide strand wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape
Double helix
One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon
Enantiomer
A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins
Enzyme
A lipid consisting of three fatty acids link to one glycerol molecule; also called a Triacylglycerol or triglyceride
Fat
A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule
Fatty acid
A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions
Functional group
A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
Gene
The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNA’s that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs
Gene expression
The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species
Genomics
And extensively branch glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch
Glycogen
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by dehydration reaction
Glucosidic linkage
An organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
Hydrocarbon
A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers
Hydrolysis
One of two or more compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same element but different structures and hands different properties
Isomer
Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that makes poorly, if at all, with water
Lipid
A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules
Macromolecule
The subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer
Monomer
The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formula’s that are generally some multiple of CH2O
Monosaccharide
A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA
Nucleic acid
The building blocks of nucleic acid, consisting of a five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups
Nucleotide
A chemical compound containing carbon
Organic compound
The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by dehydration reaction
Peptide bond
A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as non-polar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form a bilayers that function as biological membranes
Phospholipid
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds
Polymer
A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA
Poly nucleotide
A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
Polypeptide
A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions
Polysaccharide
A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3-D structure
Protein
The systematic study of the full proteins sets encoded by genomes
Proteomic’s
One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by six membered ring fused to a 5 by member Ed ring. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines
Purine
One of two types of nitrogen us bases found in nucleotides, characterized by six membered ring. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines
Pyrimidine
A type of nucleic acid consisting of a poly nucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and a nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation and as the genome of some viruses
Ribo nucleic acid (RNA)
The sugar component of RNA nucleotides
Ribose
A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton
Saturated fatty acid
A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleide change in the B globbin causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals
Sickle cell disease
A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers join buy A glycosidic linkages
Starch
A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached
Steroid
One of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their Adams
Structural isomer
And unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds
Trans fats
A lipid consisting of three fatty acids link to one glycerol molecule, also called a fat
Tricylglycerol
A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbon in the hydrocarbon tail. such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton
Unsaturated fatty acid
The bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds an atom can form, which usually equals a number of unpaired electrons in its outer most (Valence) shell
Valence
A technique used to study the 3-D structure of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an x-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule
X-ray crystallography
