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AP Biology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

See ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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2
Q

An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides

A

Amino acid

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3
Q

Referring to the arrangement of the sugar phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix

A

Anti-parallel

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4
Q

An adenine containing nucleoside triphospate that releases free energy when it’s phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions and cells

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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5
Q

A sugar (Monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (Disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)

A

Carbohydrate

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6
Q

A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

A

Catalyst

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7
Q

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by B glycosidic linkages

A

Cellulose

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8
Q

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods

A

Chitin

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9
Q

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones

A

Cholesterol

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10
Q

One of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent bonds between atoms but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds; formally called a geometric isomer

A

Cis-trans isomer

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11
Q

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

A

Dehydration reaction

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12
Q

In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds in interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions (noncellular) of PH, salt concentration, or temperature

A

Denaturation

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13
Q

A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double stranded helix, in which each pollynucleotide strand consist of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogens bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), and thymine (T); Capable of being replicated in determining the inherited structure of a cell is proteins

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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14
Q

The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides

A

Deoxyribose

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15
Q

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction

A

Disaccharide

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16
Q

The form of native DNA, referring to is two adjacent anti-parallel poly nucleotide strand wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape

A

Double helix

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17
Q

One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon

A

Enantiomer

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18
Q

A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins

A

Enzyme

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19
Q

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids link to one glycerol molecule; also called a Triacylglycerol or triglyceride

A

Fat

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20
Q

A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule

A

Fatty acid

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21
Q

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

A

Functional group

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22
Q

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA

A

Gene

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23
Q

The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNA’s that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs

A

Gene expression

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24
Q

The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species

A

Genomics

25
Q

And extensively branch glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch

A

Glycogen

26
Q

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by dehydration reaction

A

Glucosidic linkage

27
Q

An organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

A

Hydrocarbon

28
Q

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers

A

Hydrolysis

29
Q

One of two or more compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same element but different structures and hands different properties

A

Isomer

30
Q

Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that makes poorly, if at all, with water

A

Lipid

31
Q

A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules

A

Macromolecule

32
Q

The subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer

A

Monomer

33
Q

The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccharides have molecular formula’s that are generally some multiple of CH2O

A

Monosaccharide

34
Q

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA

A

Nucleic acid

35
Q

The building blocks of nucleic acid, consisting of a five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups

A

Nucleotide

36
Q

A chemical compound containing carbon

A

Organic compound

37
Q

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by dehydration reaction

A

Peptide bond

38
Q

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as non-polar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form a bilayers that function as biological membranes

A

Phospholipid

39
Q

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds

A

Polymer

40
Q

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA

A

Poly nucleotide

41
Q

A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

A

Polypeptide

42
Q

A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions

A

Polysaccharide

43
Q

A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3-D structure

A

Protein

44
Q

The systematic study of the full proteins sets encoded by genomes

A

Proteomic’s

45
Q

One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by six membered ring fused to a 5 by member Ed ring. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are purines

A

Purine

46
Q

One of two types of nitrogen us bases found in nucleotides, characterized by six membered ring. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines

A

Pyrimidine

47
Q

A type of nucleic acid consisting of a poly nucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and a nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil; usually single stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation and as the genome of some viruses

A

Ribo nucleic acid (RNA)

48
Q

The sugar component of RNA nucleotides

A

Ribose

49
Q

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

A

Saturated fatty acid

50
Q

A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleide change in the B globbin causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals

A

Sickle cell disease

51
Q

A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers join buy A glycosidic linkages

A

Starch

52
Q

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached

A

Steroid

53
Q

One of two or more compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their Adams

A

Structural isomer

54
Q

And unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds

A

Trans fats

55
Q

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids link to one glycerol molecule, also called a fat

A

Tricylglycerol

56
Q

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbon in the hydrocarbon tail. such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

57
Q

The bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds an atom can form, which usually equals a number of unpaired electrons in its outer most (Valence) shell

A

Valence

58
Q

A technique used to study the 3-D structure of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an x-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule

A

X-ray crystallography

AP Biology (23 decks)

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