Chapter 11 Flashcards
A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities
Addition rule
Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
Allele
And genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessive Allele inherited disorder. The heterozygote is generally phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring
Carrier
An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals
Character
The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype and separate, distinguishable ways
Co-dominance
The situation in which the phenotypes of a heterozygote and dominant homozygotes are indistinguishable
Complete dominance
A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated
Cystic fibrosis
An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from across between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are these. For example, parents of AABB and aabb genotypes produce this of genotype AaBb
Dihybrid
A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed 
Dihybrid cross
An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote
Dominant allele
A type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited genes
Epistasis
The first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross
F1 generation
The offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation
F2 generation
The genetic make up, or set of alleles, of an organism
Genotype
Having two different alleles for a given gene
Heterozygous
An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene (encoding a character)
Homozygote
Having two identical alleles for a given gene
Homozygous
A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms
Huntington’s disease
In genetics, the meeting, or crossing, of two true breeding varieties
Hybridization
The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele
Incomplete dominance
Mendel’s second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregate, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes
Law of independent assortment
Mendels first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other into different gametes) during gamete formation
Law of segregation
An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are these. For example, parents of genotypes AA and aa and produce this type of genotype Aa
Mono hybrid
A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self pollination of a heterozygous plant)
Mono hybrid cross
Referring to a phenotype character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors
Multi factorial
A rule of probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities
Multiplication rule
A true breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for parental
P generation
A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters and parents and offspring over multiple generations
Pedigree
The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic make up
Phenotype
The ability of a single gene to have multiple affects
Pleiotropy 
An addictive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
Polygenic inheritance
A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic cross is between individuals of known genotype
Punnet square
A heritable feature that varies continuously over arrange rather than in an either- or fashion
Quantitative character
An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote
Recessive allele
A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the beta globin Jean causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms and affected individuals
Sickle cell disease
A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years
Yay-Sachs disease
Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals a unknown genotype
Test cross
One of two or more detectable variance in a genetic character
Trait
Referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self pollination
True breeding
