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AP Biology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities

A

Addition rule

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2
Q

Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects

A

Allele

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3
Q

And genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessive Allele inherited disorder. The heterozygote is generally phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring

A

Carrier

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4
Q

An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals

A

Character

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5
Q

The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype and separate, distinguishable ways

A

Co-dominance

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6
Q

The situation in which the phenotypes of a heterozygote and dominant homozygotes are indistinguishable

A

Complete dominance

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7
Q

A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated

A

Cystic fibrosis

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8
Q

An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from across between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are these. For example, parents of AABB and aabb genotypes produce this of genotype AaBb

A

Dihybrid

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9
Q

A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed 

A

Dihybrid cross

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10
Q

An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote

A

Dominant allele

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11
Q

A type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited genes

A

Epistasis

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12
Q

The first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross

A

F1 generation

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13
Q

The offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation

A

F2 generation

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14
Q

The genetic make up, or set of alleles, of an organism

A

Genotype

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15
Q

Having two different alleles for a given gene

A

Heterozygous

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16
Q

An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene (encoding a character)

A

Homozygote

17
Q

Having two identical alleles for a given gene

A

Homozygous

18
Q

A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms

A

Huntington’s disease

19
Q

In genetics, the meeting, or crossing, of two true breeding varieties

A

Hybridization

20
Q

The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele

A

Incomplete dominance

21
Q

Mendel’s second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregate, or assorts, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes or when they are far enough apart on the same chromosome to behave as though they are on different chromosomes

A

Law of independent assortment

22
Q

Mendels first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other into different gametes) during gamete formation

A

Law of segregation

23
Q

An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are these. For example, parents of genotypes AA and aa and produce this type of genotype Aa

A

Mono hybrid

24
Q

A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self pollination of a heterozygous plant)

A

Mono hybrid cross

25
Q

Referring to a phenotype character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors

A

Multi factorial

26
Q

A rule of probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities

A

Multiplication rule

27
Q

A true breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for parental

A

P generation

28
Q

A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters and parents and offspring over multiple generations

A

Pedigree

29
Q

The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic make up

A

Phenotype

30
Q

The ability of a single gene to have multiple affects

A

Pleiotropy 

31
Q

An addictive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character

A

Polygenic inheritance

32
Q

A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic cross is between individuals of known genotype

A

Punnet square

33
Q

A heritable feature that varies continuously over arrange rather than in an either- or fashion

A

Quantitative character

34
Q

An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote

A

Recessive allele

35
Q

A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the beta globin Jean causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms and affected individuals

A

Sickle cell disease

36
Q

A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years

A

Yay-Sachs disease

37
Q

Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals a unknown genotype

A

Test cross

38
Q

One of two or more detectable variance in a genetic character

A

Trait

39
Q

Referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self pollination

A

True breeding

AP Biology (23 decks)

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