Chapter 6 Flashcards
The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start; also called free energy of activation
Activation energy
The specific region of an enzyme that binds the substrate, and that forms the pocket in which catalysis occurs
Active site
The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein, a different site
Allosteric regulation
A metabolic pathway that consumers energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler molecules
Anabolic pathway
And adenine containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when it’s phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells.
ATP
(1)The overflow and transformation of energy in an organism. (2) The study of how energy flows through organisms.
Bioenergetics
A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules
Catabolic pathway
A process by which a chemical agent called a catalyst selectively increases the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction
Catalysis
A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction
Catalyst
Energy available in molecules for release in a chemical reaction; a form of potential energy
Chemical energy
An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes and metabolic reactions.
Coenzyme
Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Co-factors can be permanently bound to the active site, or may bind, loosely and reversibly, along with the substrate, during catalisisis.
Cofactor
A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics
Competitive inhibitor
A kind of allosteric regulation, whereby a shape change, and one subunit of a protein caused by substrate binding, is transmitted to all the other subunits, facilitating binding of additional substrate molecules to those subunits
Cooperativity
A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings
Endergonic reaction
The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force)
Energy
And cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
Energy coupling
A measure of disorder, or randomness
Entropy
A macromolecule, serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins.
Enzyme
A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule
Enzyme substrate complex
A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy
Exergonic reaction
A method of metabolic control, in which the end products of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway
Feedback inhibition
The principle of conservation of energy: energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
First law of thermodynamics
The portion of a biological systems, energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
Free energy
Thermal, energy and transfer from one body of matter to another
Heat
Caused by entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, so that it binds more snuggly to the substrate
Induced fit
The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter, can perform work by imparting motion to other matter
Kinetic energy
A series of chemical reactions that either build a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule to simpler molecules
Metabolic pathway
The totality of an organisms, chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which change the material and energy resources of the organism
Metabolism
A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location, remote from the active site, changing the enzyme shape, so that the active site no longer effectively catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product
Noncompetitive inhibitor
A molecule (often a reactant) with a phosphate group, convalently bound to it, making it more reactive (less stable) than the phosphorylated molecule
Phosphorylated intermediate
The energy, that matter processes, as a result of its location or spatial arrangement
Potential energy
The principle, stating that every energy transfer or transformation, increases the entropy of the universe. Usable forms of energy, or at least partially converted to head.
Second law of thermodynamics
A process that occurs without an overall input of energy; a process that is energetically favorable
Spontaneous process
The reactant on which an enzyme works
Substrate
Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy and is most random form. She also heat.
Thermal energy
The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. She also first law of thermodynamics; second law of thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics
