Chapter 20

Question 1

Similarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait

Answer 1

Analogy

Question 2

And I specified group of organisms, a taxon whose evolutionary lineage derived early in the history of the group

Answer 2

Basal taxon

Question 3

A common term for the two-part, Latin Nised format for naming a species, consisting of The genus and specific epithet; also called a binomen

Answer 3

Binomial

Question 4

The representation on a phylogenetic tree of the divergence of two or more taxa from a common ancestor. A blank is usually shown as a dichotomy in which a branch representing the ancestral lineage splits into two branches, one for each of the two descendent lending edges

Answer 4

Branch point

Question 5

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

Answer 5

Clade

Question 6

An approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based primarily on common descent

Answer 6

Cladistics

Question 7

In Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above the level of order

Answer 7

Class

Question 8

(1) A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three blanks are Archaea, bacteria and eukarya

Answer 8

Domain

Question 9

In Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above genus

Answer 9

Family

Question 10

A taxonomic category above the species level, designated by the first word of a species two-part scientific name

Answer 10

Genus

Question 11

A similar structure or molecular sequence that has evolved independently and two species

Answer 11

Homoplasy

Question 12

The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as transposable elements, plasma exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms

Answer 12

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 13

A species or group of species whose evolutionarily relationships are being examined in a given analysis

Answer 13

Ingroup 

Question 14

A taxonomic category, the second broadest after domain

Answer 14

Kingdom

Question 15

A principle that states that when considering multiple explanation for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts

Answer 15

Maximum parsimony

Question 16

A method for estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change, based on the observation that some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates

Answer 16

Molecular clock

Question 17

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consist of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. A blank taxon is equivalent to a clade

Answer 17

Monophyletic

Question 18

In Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above the level of family

Answer 18

Order

Question 19

A species or group of species from an evolutionarily lineage that is known to have diverge before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied. A blank is selected so that its members are closely related to the group of species being studied, but not as closely related as any study group members are to each other

Answer 19

Outgroup

Question 20

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consist of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants

Answer 20

Paraphyletic

Question 21

A branching system that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionarily history of a group of organisms

Answer 21

Phylogenetic tree

Question 22

The evolutionarily history of a species or group of related species

Answer 22

Phylogeny

Question 23

And Linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above class

Answer 23

Phylum

Question 24

Pertaining to a group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their most recent common ancestor

Answer 24

Polyphyletic

Question 25

In a phylogenic tree, a branch point from which more than two descendent taxa emerge. A blank indicates that the evolutionarily relationships between the descendent taxa or not yet clear

Answer 25

Polytomy

Question 26

Describing a phylogenetic tree that contains a branch point (Often, the one farthest to the left) representing the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree

Answer 26

Rooted

Question 27

Character that is shared by members of a particular clade but that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade

Answer 27

Shared ancestral character

Question 28

An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade

Answer 28

Shared derived character

Question 29

Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other’s closest relatives

Answer 29

Sister taxa

Question 30

A scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining the revolutionary relationships

Answer 30

Systematics

Question 31

A named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification

Answer 31

Taxon

Question 32

A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life

Answer 32

Taxonomy