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AP Biology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the end of a pre-mRNA molecule

A

5’ cap

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2
Q

One of the ribosome’s three binding sites for tRNA translation. The A site holds the tRNA carrying the next amino acid to be added to the polypeptide chain (A strands for aminoacyl tRNA)

A

A site

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3
Q

A type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA-processing level I’m which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns

A

Alternative RNA splicing

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4
Q

An enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthease

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5
Q

A nucleotide triplet at on end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule

A

Anticodon

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6
Q

A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code.

A

Codon

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7
Q

A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.

A

Deletion

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8
Q

One of a ribosome’s three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The E site is the place where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome. (E stands for exit.)

A

E site

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9
Q

A sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed.

A

Exon

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10
Q

A mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons.

A

Frameshift mutation

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11
Q

The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.

A

Gene expression

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12
Q

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.

A

Insertion

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13
Q

A noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing; also refers to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed.

A

Intron

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14
Q

A type of RNA, synthesized using a DNA template, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein. (In eukaryotes, the primary RNA transcript must undergo RNA processing to become mRNA.)

A

Messenger RNA

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15
Q

A nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

A

Missense mutation

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16
Q

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation.

A

Mutagen

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17
Q

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus.

A

Mutation

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18
Q

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

A

Nonsense mutation

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19
Q

A type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides.

A

Nucleotide-pair substitution

20
Q

One of a ribosome’s three binding sites for tRNA during translation. The P site holds the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain. (P stands for peptidyl tRNA.)

A

P site

21
Q

A change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene

A

Point mutation

22
Q

A sequence of 50–250 adenine nucleotides added onto the 3′ end of a pre-mRNA molecule.

A

Poly-A tail

23
Q

An initial RNA transcript from any gene; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein-coding gene.

A

Primary transcript

24
Q

A specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place.

A

Promoter

25
Q

On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis

A

Reading frame

26
Q

RNA molecules that, together with proteins, make up ribosomes; the most abundant type of RNA.

A

Ribosomal RNA

27
Q

A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large subunit and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus. See also nucleolus

A

Ribosome

28
Q

An RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing

A

Ribozyme

29
Q

An enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription, based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template strand.

A

RNA polymerase

30
Q

Modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5′ and 3′ ends.

A

RNA processing

31
Q

After synthesis of a eukaryotic primary RNA transcript, the removal of portions of the transcript (introns) that will not be included in the mRNA and the joining together of the remaining portions (exons).

A

RNA splicing

32
Q

A sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading (amino) end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukaryotic cell.

A

Signal peptide

33
Q

A protein-RNA complex that recognizes a signal peptide as it emerges from a ribosome and helps direct the ribosome to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by binding to a receptor protein on the ER

A

Signal-recognition particle (SRP)

34
Q

A nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype; for example, within a gene, a mutation that results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid.

A

Silent mutation

35
Q

A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with the ends of an RNA intron, releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons.

A

Spliceosome

36
Q

In transcription, the nucleotide position on the promoter where RNA polymerase begins synthesis of RNA.

A

Start point

37
Q

A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.

A

TATA box

38
Q

The DNA strand that provides the pattern, or template, for ordering, by complementary base pairing, the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript.

A

Template strand

39
Q

In bacteria, a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA.

A

Terminator

40
Q

The synthesis of RNA using a DNA template.

A

Transcription

41
Q

A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes.

A

Transcription factor

42
Q

The completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter.

A

Transcription initiation complex

43
Q

A region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule

A

Transcription Unit

44
Q

An RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by picking up a specific amino acid and carrying it to the ribosome, where the tRNA recognizes the appropriate codon in the mRNA.

A

Transfer RNA

45
Q

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids.

A

Translation

46
Q

A genetic information system in which a series of three-nucleotide-long words specifies a sequence of amino acids for a polypeptide chain.

A

Triplet code

47
Q

Flexibility in the base-pairing rules in which the nucleotide at the 5′ end of a tRNA anticodon can form hydrogen bonds with more than one kind of base in the third position (3′ end) of a codon.

A

Wobble

AP Biology (23 decks)

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