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AP Biology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist heilically about each other, forming micro filaments in muscle and other kinds of cells

A

Actin

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2
Q

A eukaryotic cell structure consisting of a 9+0 arrangement of microtubules triplets. The basal body may organize a microtubule assembly of a cillium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole

A

Basal body

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3
Q

The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds

A

Cell fractionation

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4
Q

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharide such as cellulose(in plants and some protists), chitin (in fungi) and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are important structural components of cell walls

A

Cell wall

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5
Q

In a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances

A

Central vacuole

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6
Q

A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles

A

Centriole

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7
Q

A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has to centrioles

A

Centrosome

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8
Q

An organelle found in plants and photo synthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive to synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

A

Chloroplast

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9
Q

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of a very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope

A

Chromatin

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10
Q

A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules (And some context, such as genome sequencing, the term may refer to the DNA alone.) A eukaryotic cell typically has multiple, linear chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus. A prokaryotic cell often has a single, circular chromosome, which is found in a nucleoid, a region that is not enclosed by membrane

A

Chromosome

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11
Q

A short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells. A motile cillium is specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the sell; it is formed from the core of nine other doublet microtubules and 2 inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. A primary cillium is usually nonmotile in place of sensory and second signaling roll; It lacks the two inner microtubules

A

Cillium

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12
Q

A glycoprotein in the extra cellular matrix of animal cells that form strong fibers, found extensively and connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom

A

Collagen

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13
Q

A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists

A

Contractile vacuole

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14
Q

An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The inner membrane houses electron transport chain and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP

A

Crista

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15
Q

The contents of the cell enclosed by the plasma membrane; and eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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16
Q

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extends through out the cytoplasm and serves a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions

A

Cytoskeleton

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17
Q

Semi fluid portion of the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

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18
Q

Cillia and Flagella, a large motor protein extending from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP hydrolysis drives changes in dynein shape that lead to the bending of cilia and flagella

A

Dynein

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19
Q

A microscope that uses magnets to focus and electron beam on or through a specimen, resulting in a practical resolution 100 fold greater than that of a light microscope using standard techniques. A transmission electron microscope is used to study the enternal structure of thin sections of cells. Scanning electron microscope is used to study the fine details of social services services

A

Electron microscope

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20
Q

The collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles

A

Endomembrane system

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21
Q

An extensive membranous Netwerk and eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

 The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplast, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by host cells. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism

A

Endosymbiont theory

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23
Q

A type of cell with a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotic cell

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24
Q

The meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cells

A

Extracellular matrix

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25
Q

An extra cellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attached to the extra cellular matrix

A

Fibronectin

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26
Q

A long cellular appendage specialize for Loco motion. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic Fagella have a core with nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules and she used in an extension of the plasma membrane. Prokaryotic flagella have a different structure

A

Flagellum

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27
Q

A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of micro organisms or particles to be used as food by the cell

A

Food vacuole

28
Q

Approaching with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates

A

Glycoprotein

29
Q

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of fat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably non-cellulose carbohydrates

A

Golgi apparatus

30
Q

A stack of membrane bounded thylakoids and in the chloroplast. Grana function and the light reactions of photosynthesis

A

Granum

31
Q

In animal cells, a transmembrane receptor protein with two subunits that interconnects the extra cellular matrix and cytoskeleton

A

Integrin 

32
Q

A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments

A

Intermediate filament

33
Q

An optical instrument with lenses that refract visible light to magnified images of specimens

A

Light microscope

34
Q

A membrane enclosed sack of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists

A

Lysosome

35
Q

A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making a part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also known as an actin filament

A

Microfilament

36
Q

A hollow Rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella

A

Microtubule

37
Q

And plants, a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells

A

Middle lamella

38
Q

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA

A

Mitochondrial matrix

39
Q

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as a site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP

A

Mitochondrion

40
Q

A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of a cell

A

Motor protein

41
Q

A type of motor proteins associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments, causing cell contraction

A

Myosin

42
Q

In a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pours that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the Endo plasmic reticulum

A

Nuclear envelope

43
Q

Annette like a ray of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of a nucleus

A

Nuclear lamina

44
Q

A non membrane enclosed region and a prokaryotic cell where it’s chromosome is located

A

Nucleoid

45
Q

A specialized structure in the nucleus consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from a cytoplasm; site of RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

A

Nucleolus

46
Q

An atom central core, containing protons and neutrons. The organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up for chromatin. A cluster of neurons

A

Nucleus

47
Q

Any of several kinds of membrane enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells

A

Organelle

48
Q

An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisome 

49
Q

A type of endocytosis and which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals

A

Phagocytosis

50
Q

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cells chemical composition

A

Plasma membrane

51
Q

An open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells

A

Plasmodesma

52
Q

One of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplast, chromoplast, and amyloplast. Plastids are found in the cells a photo synthetic eukaryotes

A

Plastid

53
Q

Implants, a relatively thin and flexible layer that surrounds a plasma membrane of a young cell

A

Primary cell wall

54
Q

A type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells are called prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotic cell

55
Q

A large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached, found an extra cellular matrix of animal cells. A proteoglycan may consist up to 95% carbohydrate

A

Proteoglycan

56
Q

A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consist of a large subunit and a small subunit. And eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in a nucleolus

A

Ribosome

57
Q

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached

A

Rough ER

58
Q

A microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample, coded with metal atoms, to study details of its topography

A

Scanning electron microscope

59
Q

In plant cells, a strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and that provides protection and support

A

Secondary cell wall

60
Q

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes

A

Smooth ER

61
Q

The dance fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water

A

Stroma

62
Q

A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; there membranes contain molecular machinery used to convert light energy to chemical energy

A

Thylakoid

63
Q

A microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections stained with metal atoms and is primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells

A

Transmission electron microscope

64
Q

A small membranous sac in a eukaryotes cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell

A

Transport vesicle

65
Q

A membrane bounded vesicle his specialized function varies in different kinds of cells

A

Vacuole

66
Q

A membrane a sock in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

A

Vesicle

AP Biology (23 decks)

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