Chapter 24 Flashcards
A catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the downhill end of electron transport chains
Anaerobic respiration
A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation
Biofilm
The use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems
Bioremediation
(1) In many prokaryotes, a dense and well-defined Lair of polysaccharide or proteins that surrounds a cell wall and sticky, protecting the cell and enabling it to adhere to substrates or other cells. (2) The sporangium of a bryophyte (Moss, liverwort, or hornwort)
Capsule
A +/0 ecological interaction in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed
Commensalism
(1) and prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. When the cells are members of different species, this results in horizontal gene transfer (2) In ciliates, a sexual process in which to sells exchange haploid micronuclei but do not reproduce
Conjugation
An organism that absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the waste of living organisms and converts them to inorganic forms; a detritivore
Decomposer
A thick coded, resistant sell produced by some bacterial cells when they are exposed to harsh conditions
Endospore 
A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only one that bacteria die
Endotoxin
A toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote or other pathogen and that produces specific symptoms, even if the pathogen is no longer present
Exotoxin
An organism that lives in a highly Celine environment, such as the great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea
Extreme halophile
An organism that thrives in hot environments often (60 to 80°C or hotter)
Extreme thermophile
An organism that lives in environmental conditions so extreme that a few other species can survive there. They include extreme halophiles an extreme thermophiles
Extremophile
In bacteria, the DNA segment that confirms the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. The blank may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome
F factor
The plasmid form of the F factor
F plasmid
A short, hair like appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells
Fimbria 
Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. These bacteria are often more toxic than gram-positive bacteria
Gram negative
Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan in the cell wall of a gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria are usually less toxic than gram-negative bacteria
Gram-positive
A specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation and some filamentous bacteria; also called a heterocyte
Heterocyst
A larger participant in a symbiotic relationship, often providing at home and food source for the smaller symbiont
Host
An organism that produces methane as a waste product of the way in a obtains energy. All known of these are in domain archaea
Methanogen
A +/+ Ecological interaction that benefits each of the interacting species
Mutualism
The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3). Biological blank is carried out by certain prokaryotes, some of which have mutualistic relationships with plants
Nitrogen fixation
A non-membrane enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where it’s chromosome is located
Nucleoid
An organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or bodily fluids of another species (the host) while in or on the host organism. They harm but usually do not kill their host
Parasite
A +/- Ecological interaction in which one organism, the parasite, benefits by feeding upon another organism, the host, which is harmed; some parasites live within the host (feeding on its tissue), while others feed on the host X ternal surface
Parasitism
An organism or virus that causes disease
Pathogen
A type of Polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides
Peptidoglycan
In bacteria, a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation; also known as a sex pilus or conjugation pilus
Pilus
A small, circular, double stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; and DNA cloning can be used as a vector caring up to about 10,000 base pairs of DNA
Plasmid
An organism that has a prokaryotic cell; an informal term for an organism in either domain bacteria or domain Archaea
Prokaryote
An abiotic precursor of a living so that had a membrane like structure and that maintains an internal chemistry different from that of its surroundings
Proto cell
A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confirm resistance to certain antibiotics
R plasmid
RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing
Ribozyme
The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host
Symbiont
An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct an intimate contact
Symbiosis
An oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus
Taxis
(1) A process in which phages carry bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another. When these two cells are members of different species, this results in horizontal gene transfer. (2) And cellular communication the conversion of a signal from one outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response; also called signal transduction
Transduction
(1) The process by which a cell and culture acquired the ability to divide indefinitely, similar to the division of cancer cells. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the simulation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, this results in horizontal gene transfer
Transformation
