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AP Biology > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the downhill end of electron transport chains

A

Anaerobic respiration

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2
Q

A surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation

A

Biofilm

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3
Q

The use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

A

Bioremediation

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4
Q

(1) In many prokaryotes, a dense and well-defined Lair of polysaccharide or proteins that surrounds a cell wall and sticky, protecting the cell and enabling it to adhere to substrates or other cells. (2) The sporangium of a bryophyte (Moss, liverwort, or hornwort)

A

Capsule

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5
Q

A +/0 ecological interaction in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed

A

Commensalism

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6
Q

(1) and prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. When the cells are members of different species, this results in horizontal gene transfer (2) In ciliates, a sexual process in which to sells exchange haploid micronuclei but do not reproduce

A

Conjugation

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7
Q

An organism that absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the waste of living organisms and converts them to inorganic forms; a detritivore

A

Decomposer

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8
Q

A thick coded, resistant sell produced by some bacterial cells when they are exposed to harsh conditions

A

Endospore 

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9
Q

A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only one that bacteria die

A

Endotoxin

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10
Q

A toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote or other pathogen and that produces specific symptoms, even if the pathogen is no longer present

A

Exotoxin

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11
Q

An organism that lives in a highly Celine environment, such as the great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea

A

Extreme halophile

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12
Q

An organism that thrives in hot environments often (60 to 80°C or hotter)

A

Extreme thermophile

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13
Q

An organism that lives in environmental conditions so extreme that a few other species can survive there. They include extreme halophiles an extreme thermophiles

A

Extremophile

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14
Q

In bacteria, the DNA segment that confirms the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. The blank may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome

A

F factor

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15
Q

The plasmid form of the F factor

A

F plasmid

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16
Q

A short, hair like appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells

A

Fimbria 

17
Q

Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. These bacteria are often more toxic than gram-positive bacteria

A

Gram negative

18
Q

Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan in the cell wall of a gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria are usually less toxic than gram-negative bacteria

A

Gram-positive

19
Q

A specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation and some filamentous bacteria; also called a heterocyte

A

Heterocyst

20
Q

A larger participant in a symbiotic relationship, often providing at home and food source for the smaller symbiont

A

Host

21
Q

An organism that produces methane as a waste product of the way in a obtains energy. All known of these are in domain archaea

A

Methanogen

22
Q

A +/+ Ecological interaction that benefits each of the interacting species

A

Mutualism

23
Q

The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NH3). Biological blank is carried out by certain prokaryotes, some of which have mutualistic relationships with plants

A

Nitrogen fixation

24
Q

A non-membrane enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where it’s chromosome is located

A

Nucleoid

25
Q

An organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or bodily fluids of another species (the host) while in or on the host organism. They harm but usually do not kill their host

A

Parasite

26
Q

A +/- Ecological interaction in which one organism, the parasite, benefits by feeding upon another organism, the host, which is harmed; some parasites live within the host (feeding on its tissue), while others feed on the host X ternal surface

A

Parasitism

27
Q

An organism or virus that causes disease

A

Pathogen

28
Q

A type of Polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides

A

Peptidoglycan

29
Q

In bacteria, a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation; also known as a sex pilus or conjugation pilus

A

Pilus

30
Q

A small, circular, double stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; and DNA cloning can be used as a vector caring up to about 10,000 base pairs of DNA

A

Plasmid

31
Q

An organism that has a prokaryotic cell; an informal term for an organism in either domain bacteria or domain Archaea

A

Prokaryote

32
Q

An abiotic precursor of a living so that had a membrane like structure and that maintains an internal chemistry different from that of its surroundings

A

Proto cell

33
Q

A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confirm resistance to certain antibiotics

A

R plasmid

34
Q

RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing

A

Ribozyme

35
Q

The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host

A

Symbiont

36
Q

An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct an intimate contact

A

Symbiosis

37
Q

An oriented movement toward or away from a stimulus

A

Taxis

38
Q

(1) A process in which phages carry bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another. When these two cells are members of different species, this results in horizontal gene transfer. (2) And cellular communication the conversion of a signal from one outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response; also called signal transduction

A

Transduction

39
Q

(1) The process by which a cell and culture acquired the ability to divide indefinitely, similar to the division of cancer cells. (2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the simulation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, this results in horizontal gene transfer

A

Transformation

AP Biology (23 decks)

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