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AP Biology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Referring to the arrangement of the sugar phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in the opposite 5’—3’ directions)

A

Antiparallel

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2
Q

A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage

A

Bacteriophage

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3
Q

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope

A

Chromatin

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4
Q

In genetic engineering, a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there. They include plasmids

A

Cloning vectors

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5
Q

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of one DNA fragment (such as the Okazaki fragment) to the 5’ end of another DNA fragment (such as a growing DNA chain)

A

DNA ligase

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6
Q

An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA (for example, at a replication fork) by the addition of nucleotides to the 3’ end of n existing chain. There are several different DNA polymerases; DNA polymerase III and DNA polymerase I play major roles in DNA replication in E. Coli

A

DNA polymerase

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7
Q

The process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis

A

DNA replication

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8
Q

Determining the order of nucleotide based in a gene or DNA fragment

A

DNA sequencing

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9
Q

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel poly nucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape

A

Double helix

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10
Q

The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription

A

Euchromatin

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11
Q

A technique for separating nuclei acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge, both of which affect their rate of movement through an electric field in a gel made of agarose or another polymer

A

Gel electrophoresis

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12
Q

The production of multiple copies of a gene

A

Gene cloning

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13
Q

The direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes

A

Genetic engineering

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14
Q

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks, separating the two strands and making them available as template strands.

A

Helicase

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15
Q

Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed

A

Heterochromatin

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16
Q

A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5’— 3’ direction away from the replication fork

A

Lagging strand

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17
Q

The new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5’—3’

A

Leading strand

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18
Q

The cellular process that uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides

A

Mismatch repair

19
Q

An enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA, either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides

A

Nuclease

20
Q

A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA

A

Nucleic acid

21
Q

A non-membrane-enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where it’s chromosome is located

A

Nucleoid

22
Q

A repair system that removed and then correctly replaced a damaged segment of DNA using the un damaged strand as a guide

A

Nucleotide excision repair

23
Q

A short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during DNA replication. Many such segments are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA

A

Okazaki fragment

24
Q

Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides

A

Origin of replication

25
Q

See polymerase chain reaction

A

PCR

26
Q

A virus that infects bacteria ; also called a bacteriophage

A

Phage

27
Q

A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that Carrie’s accessory genes separate from tHose of a bacterial chromosome; in DNA cloning, can be used as a vector carrying up to about 10,000 base pairs (10 kb) of DNA

A

Plasmid

27
Q

A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that Carrie’s accessory genes separate from tHose of a bacterial chromosome; in DNA cloning, can be used as a vector carrying up to about 10,000 base pairs (10 kb) of DNA

A

Plasmid

28
Q

A technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating it with specific primers, a heat-resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides

A

Polymerase chain reaction

29
Q

An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication, using the parental DNA strand as a template

A

Primase

30
Q

A short stretch of RNA with a free 3’ end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand and elongated with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication

A

Primer

31
Q

A DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources

A

Recombinant DNA molecule

32
Q

A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where the parental strands are being unwound and new strands are being synthesized

A

Replication fork

33
Q

An endonuclease (type of enzyme) that recognizes and cuts DNA molecule foreign to a bacterium (such as phage genomes). The enzyme cuts rapt specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites)

A

Restriction enzyme

34
Q

A DNA segment that results from the cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme

A

Restriction fragment

35
Q

A specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme

A

Restriction site

36
Q

Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consisted of one cold strand, derived from the parental molecule, and one newly made strand

A

Semiconservative model

37
Q

A protein that binds to the unpaired DNA strands during DNA replication, stabilizing them and holding them apart while they serve as templates for the synthesis of complementary strands of DNA

A

Single-strand binding protein

38
Q

A single-stranded end of a double-stranded restriction fragment

A

Sticky end

39
Q

The tenderly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosome’s DNA molecule. They protect the organism’s genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication. See also repetitive DNA

A

Telomere

40
Q

A protein that breaks, swivels and rejoins DNA strands. During DNA replication, it helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork

A

Topoisomerase

41
Q

(1) the process by which a cell in culture acquires the ability to divide indefinitely, similar to the division of cancer cells (2) a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer

A

Transformation

42
Q

An infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat (capsid) and, for some, a membranous envelope

A

Virus

AP Biology (23 decks)

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