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AP Biology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The movement of a substance across the cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy

A

Active transport

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2
Q

Having both hydrophilic region and hydrophobic region

A

Amphipathic

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3
Q

A channel protein in the plasma membrane of a plants, animals, or microorganism sell that specifically facilitates osmosis, the diffusion of free water across a membrane

A

Aquaporin

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4
Q

A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases

A

Concentration gradient

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5
Q

The coupling of the downhill diffusion of one substance to the uphill transport of another against its own concentration gradient

A

Cotransport

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6
Q

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule in eukaryotic cells. It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons

A

Cyclic acid (cAMP)

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7
Q

The random thermal motion of particles of liquids, gases, or solids. And the presence of a concentration or electrochemical gradient, diffusion results in the net movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated

A

Diffusion

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8
Q

The diffusion gradient of an ion, which is affected by both the concentration difference of an ion across the membrane ( a chemical force) and the ions tendency to move relative to the membrane potential (an electrical force)

A

Electrochemical gradient

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9
Q

An active transport proteins that generates voltage across the membrane while pumping ions

A

Electrogenic pump

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10
Q

Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane

A

Endocytosis

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11
Q

The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane

A

Exocytosis

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12
Q

Passage of molecules or ions down there electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure

A

Facilitated diffusion

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13
Q

Limp. Lacking turgor (firmness or stiffness) as in a plant cell and surroundings where there is a tendency for water to leave the cell. A walled cell becomes flaccid if it has a higher water potential that it’s surroundings resulting in the loss of water

A

Flaccid

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14
Q

Currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

A

Fluid mosaic model

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15
Q

A GTP binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein coupled receptor, two other signal transduction proteins inside the cell

A

G-protein

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16
Q

A signal receptor in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding of a signaling molecule by activating a G protein. Also called a G-protein linked receptor

A

G protein coupled receptor

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17
Q

Transmembrane protein channel that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus

A

Gated channel

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18
Q

A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates

A

Glycolipid

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19
Q

A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates

A

Glycoprotein

20
Q

In multicellular organisms, one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel and body fluids, and act on specific target cells and other parts of the body, changing the target cells functioning. Hormones are thus important and long distance signaling

A

Hormone

21
Q

Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause a cell to lose water

A

Hypertonic

22
Q

Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause a cell to take up water

A

Hypotonic

23
Q

A transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution of one or both sides of the membrane (Or lining the channel in the case of a channel protein)

A

Integral protein

24
Q

A transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to diffuse across the membrane down its concentration of electrochemical gradient

A

Ion channel

25
Q

Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell

A

Isotonic

26
Q

A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually larger one

A

Ligand

27
Q

A transmembrane protein containing a poor that opens or closes as it changes shape in response to a signaling molecule(ligand) , allowing or blocking the flow a specific ions, also called an ionotropic receptor

A

Ligand- gated ion channel

28
Q

The difference in electrical charge across a cells plasma membrane due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential effects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charge substances

A

Membrane potential

29
Q

Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism

A

Osmo regulation

30
Q

The diffusion of free water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

A

Osmosis

31
Q

The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy

A

Passive transport

32
Q

A protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to a part of an integral proteins and not embedded in the lipid bilayer

A

Peripheral protein

33
Q

A series of chemical reactions during cell signaling mediated by enzymes (kinase) , in which each kinase violates in turn phosphylates and activate another, ultimately leading to phosphorylation of many proteins

A

Phosphorylation cascade

34
Q

A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when a cell loses water to a hypertonic environment

A

Plasmolysis

35
Q

An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein

A

Protein kinase

36
Q

An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effects of the protein kinase

A

Protein phosphatase

37
Q

An active transport proteins in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process

A

Proton pump

38
Q

The binding of a signaling molecule to receptor proteins, activating the receptor by causing it to change shape

A

Reception

39
Q

(1) In cellular communication, the change in a specific cellular activity brought about by transduced signal from outside the cell. (2) In feedback regulation, of physiological activity triggered by change in a variable

A

Response

40
Q

A small, nonprotein, water soluble molecules or ions, such as a calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cells interior in response to signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein

A

Second messenger

41
Q

A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them

A

Selective permeability

42
Q

A series of steps linking a mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimulus to a specific cellular response

A

Signal transduction pathway

43
Q

A transport protein in the plasma membrane of an animal cell that actively transport sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell

A

Sodium potassium pump

44
Q

The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that sell to gain or lose water

A

Tonicity

45
Q

(1) A process in which phages (viruses) carry bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another. When these two cells are members of different species, transduction results and horizontal gene transfer. (2) In cellular communication the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response; also called signal transduction

A

Transduction

46
Q

Transmembrane proteins that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane

A

Transport protein

47
Q

Swollen or distended, as in plant cells. (A walled cell becomes turgid if it has a lower water potential than its surroundings, resulting in entry of water)

A

Turgid

AP Biology (23 decks)

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