Chapter 7 Flashcards
the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a two carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme
Acetyl CoA
A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain, and ultimately producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway, and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells, and many prokaryotic organisms.
Aerobic respiration
Glycolysis, followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide
Alcohol fermentation
A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiomosis, with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen atom (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. Found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.
ATP synthase
A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two carbon fragments that enters the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA
Beta oxidation
The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules, and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP
Cellular respiration
An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.
Chemiosmosis
A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic break down of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration
Citric Acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
An iron containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplast of eukaryotic cells, and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells
Cytochrome
A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP
Electron transport chain
An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but that switches to anaerobic, respiration or fermentation, if oxygen is not
Facultative anaerobe
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain, and that produces a characteristic and product, such as ethyl, alcohol or lactic acid
Fermentation
A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serving as a starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis, followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide
Lactic acid fermentation
A co-enzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier
NAD+
An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact, may be poisoned by it.
Obligate anaerobe
The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction
Oxidation 
The production of ATP, using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration
Oxidative phosphorylation
The electron acceptor in a redox reaction
Oxidizing agent
The potential energy stored in the form of a proton, electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of a hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis
Proton motive force
A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction oxidation reaction
Redox reaction
The electron donor in a redox reaction
Reducing agent
The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction
Reduction
The enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism
Substrate level phosphorylation
