Chapter 7

Question 1

the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a two carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

Answer 1

Acetyl CoA

Question 2

A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain, and ultimately producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway, and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells, and many prokaryotic organisms.

Answer 2

Aerobic respiration

Question 3

Glycolysis, followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide

Answer 3

Alcohol fermentation

Question 4

A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiomosis, with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen atom (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. Found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes.

Answer 4

ATP synthase

Question 5

A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two carbon fragments that enters the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA

Answer 5

Beta oxidation

Question 6

The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules, and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP

Answer 6

Cellular respiration

Question 7

An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.

Answer 7

Chemiosmosis

Question 8

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic break down of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration

Answer 8

Citric Acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

Question 9

An iron containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplast of eukaryotic cells, and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells

Answer 9

Cytochrome

Question 10

A sequence of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

Answer 10

Electron transport chain

Question 11

An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but that switches to anaerobic, respiration or fermentation, if oxygen is not

Answer 11

Facultative anaerobe

Question 12

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain, and that produces a characteristic and product, such as ethyl, alcohol or lactic acid

Answer 12

Fermentation

Question 13

A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in almost all living cells, serving as a starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.

Answer 13

Glycolysis

Question 14

Glycolysis, followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide

Answer 14

Lactic acid fermentation

Question 15

A co-enzyme that cycles easily between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) states, thus acting as an electron carrier

Answer 15

NAD+

Question 16

An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact, may be poisoned by it.

Answer 16

Obligate anaerobe

Question 17

The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

Answer 17

Oxidation 

Question 18

The production of ATP, using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration

Answer 18

Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 19

The electron acceptor in a redox reaction

Answer 19

Oxidizing agent

Question 20

The potential energy stored in the form of a proton, electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of a hydrogen ions (H+) across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis

Answer 20

Proton motive force

Question 21

A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction oxidation reaction

Answer 21

Redox reaction

Question 22

The electron donor in a redox reaction

Answer 22

Reducing agent

Question 23

The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction

Answer 23

Reduction

Question 24

The enzyme catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism

Answer 24

Substrate level phosphorylation