Chapter 8 pt. 1 (EXAM 2)

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve info over different periods of time

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

Recording
Process where brain interprets, organizes, and stores information
ACTIVE PROCESS
Must be effortful processing to be successfully encoded

ATTENTION
Attention is the absolute cost of memory, without attention, it will not be encoded/stored. We ONLY remember things we pay attention to (penny)

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

Storing
Maintaining encoded information in memory over time and holding onto it

Information processing theorists describe it as akin to a computer model of memory

3 distinct stages: Sensory memory, STM, and LTM (Atkinson & Shiffrin’s model)

Question 4

Sensory memory

Answer 4

Stimuli from environment first processed in sensory memory
brief sensory event storage
lost unless encoded with attention
less than 1 second

Question 5

Short-term memory (STM)

Answer 5

Temporary storage that processes sensory memory (limited)
lasts 15-30 seconds, 5-9 chunks of meaning where new items bump out old ones

Lost unless rehearsed, will last as long as it is rehearsed

Question 6

Rehearsal

Answer 6

Process that facilitates/leads to transfer of info from STM to LTM

Enough rehearsal will move memory from STM to LTM

2 types: Repetition Rehearsal and Elaborative Rehearsal

Question 7

Repetition Rehearsal

Answer 7

Repeating info (phone #)

Question 8

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 8

Linking new information to existing information

Question 9

Working Memory (WM)

Answer 9

Mental workspace to hold and manipulate information
Limited capacity that temporarily stores info to process it

Question 10

Interference

Answer 10

Distraction, a split of attention that interferes with encoding and storing

Question 11

Long term Memory (LTM)

Answer 11

Info stored over lifespan, unlimited.
Theory that memory never leaves LTM, just more or less easy to recover it

2 types: Explicit (declarative) and Implicit (procedural) memory

Question 12

Explicit Memory

Answer 12

Memory, facts, and experiences that can be consciously recalled and declared

2 types: Episodic memory, Semantic Memory

Question 13

Episodic Memory

Answer 13

Type of Explicit LTM

Events/stories and happenings. Narratives, autobiographical in nature

Dated memory, you have a general gist of the date/time

Question 14

Semantic Memory

Answer 14

Type of Explicit LTM

Facts, knowledge, and meanings that are often memorized
i.e. capitals of US
Facts are usually not dated

Question 15

Implicit Memory

Answer 15

Unconscious memories or procedures/skills acquired/used (performance)

3 types:
Procedural memory, Primal memory, and Classical Conditioning

Question 16

Procedural memory

Answer 16

Implicit LTM

Memory for skills that are performable (i.e. riding a bike)

Question 17

Primal memory

Answer 17

Implicit LTM

Priming: Exposure to stimulus affects response to later stimulus (Jelly and peanut butter)

Question 18

Retrieval

Answer 18

Accessing information

Getting info out of LTM/STM and back into conscious awareness

Recall is not a video recording. Every time you recall something, you are gathering up the different stimuli and putting them back together. The more you recall it, the more likely there are errors to it

Question 19

Retrieval Cues

Answer 19

Internal or external stimuli that activates information stored in LTM
A clue, HTR

Internal: cue comes from you, a mnemonic

External: a cue comes from external environment, i.e. Multiple Guess

More cues mean more easier to retrieve

Question 20

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 20

When the context of when you were encoding the information matches the context when you’re trying to retrieve it, you’ll have better memory of it

I.e. mint study technique

Question 21

Context-dependent memory

Answer 21

Easier to remember something in the same outside environment as when encoding it (i.e. assigned seats)

Question 22

State-dependent memory

Answer 22

Easier to remember something when internal state at encoding matches internal state when retrieving

I.e. physiological responses such as anxiety, heart rate, drugs

Does not apply to emotional state

Question 23

Mood-combruent recall

Answer 23

Tendency to remember things that correlate with mood
reason why depression is difficult to recover from
only see the bad when sad

Question 24

Chunks

Answer 24

Memory is better when chunks of STM are more meaningful

i.e.
ACUHG
vs.
NASA,FBI,CIA

Question 25

Spaced distribution/Spacing effect

Answer 25

Things encoded with more time/space in between are better remembered than massed encoding

Question 26

Serial Position Effect

Answer 26

The position of something in its serial line up affect how easily it is remembered

Question 27

Primacy Effect

Answer 27

First events are remembered better because its been rehearsed enough to pass onto the LTM

Question 28

Recency Effect

Answer 28

Last events are remembered better because fresh in STM
Can easily be destroyed by making it not fresh anymore

Question 29

Automatic Processing

Answer 29

Encoding that happens without attention/awareness such as time, space, and frequency

Question 30

3 types of Encoding

Answer 30

Semantic encoding
Visual encoding
Acoustic encoding

Better if all 3 are used, no learning style!

Question 31

Self-reference effect

Answer 31

Tendency for individuals to have better memory of info that relates to them, personal relevance

Question 32

Iconic Memory

Answer 32

Photograph of the world, a brief period of time where a complete image of visual display lingers

Reason why blinking is seamless

Question 33

Echoic memory

Answer 33

Auditory stimulus that lasts about 3 seconds

Question 34

Decay

Answer 34

Don’t use, you lose

Question 35

Working memory consists of:

Answer 35

Central functioning
Visuospatial Sketchpad
Phonological Loop
Episode Buffer

Question 36

Emotional memory

Answer 36

Another type of Implicit LTM, feelings associated with a stimuli unconsciously

i.e. nostalgic smell

Question 37

Hyperthemesia

Answer 37

Super memory
Not quite like autism or savant syndrome

Question 38

3 ways to retrieve:

Answer 38

1. Recall: access info without any cues
2. Recognition: access info with cues
3. Relearning: learning lost information quicker because its already been learned once