Ch 4 pt. 2 (EXAM 3)

Question 1

Physical dependence

Answer 1

Change in normal bodily functions
negative symptoms from stopping drug usage, usually the opposite of the drug’s effects
i.e. withdrawal symptoms

Question 2

Psychological dependence

Answer 2

Emotional need for drug, stress relief

Question 3

Physiological dependence

Answer 3

Tolerance, person requires more of it to feel same physiological change

Question 4

Hallucinogens

Answer 4

Profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences
Evokes sensory experience in the absence of sensory stimuli
Very low chance of dependency, no withdrawal symptoms but high tolerance and cross-tolerance
i.e.
LSD (long time to start, long duration) (Seratonin agonist)
DMT (short time to start, short duration)
Psilocybin
PCP, Ketamine

Question 5

Hallucinogen common symptoms

Answer 5

Intensified sensations
hallucinations (distortion of what’s already there)
time distortion
Synesthesia: crossing over of sensory perceptions
affects moods and thoughts, can also have bad trips

Question 6

Hallucinogen medical usages

Answer 6

Research fell out of favor, but findings prove that it can treat alcohol, nicotine, and cocaine dependence
Also help with terminal illnesses such as anxiety, depression, or fear of death
Treatment of treatment resistant depression

Question 7

Psychoactive drugs: MDMA

Answer 7

Stimulant and hallucinogen
Serotonin and dopamine
Often mixed with other drugs, not pure

Question 8

MDMA Common symptoms

Answer 8

Energizing/euphoric
aphrodisiac properties, riskier sexual practices
Empathogen: enhances social intimacy

Question 9

MDMA medical usage

Answer 9

Treatment of PTSD
Treating extreme social anxiety

Question 10

MDMA concerns/risks

Answer 10

Dehydration caused by failure to notice own thirst and overhydration from fear of dehydration

Long term heavy users may:
have depression
anxiety, sleep disorder, memory and cognitive deficits
impossible to know what its mixed with
Tolerance, mild withdrawals, but rate of dependency low compared to cocaine/heroin

Question 11

Psychoactive drugs: Marijuana

Answer 11

Most widely used illegal drug in US
Difficult to classify: stimulant, depressant, and hallucinogen
works on brain’s natural endocannabinoid system and affects many areas of the brain
Different strains may have different chemical compounds

Question 12

Marijuana symptoms

Answer 12

relaxation, euphoria, time distortion, appetite increase, enhances sensation and feelings and memory impariment

Question 13

Marijuana medical usage

Answer 13

Pain relief, appetite stimulation (THC), reducing nausea, tremors, seizures, treat anxiety, PTSD, Tourette’s, treat opioid addiction and helps with cancer, HIV, AIDS

Question 14

Marijuana common misconceptions

Answer 14

Does not cause amotivational syndrome
not a gateway drug
people can get dependent on marijuana
mild withdrawal problems

Question 15

Marijuana harmful effects

Answer 15

Lung damage if smoked
Paranoia, panic, fast heart beat, vomiting, memory problems, and slowed reaction time
Edibles more potent than realized

Question 16

Substance use disorder

Answer 16

Use more of substance than originally intended and continues to use despite the consequences
Compulsive pattern of drug use characterized by physical and psychological dependence

Question 17

Stimulants

Answer 17

Increases overall neural activity, dopamine agonist for reward and craving
I.e.
cocaine, meth, nicotine, caffeine, amphetamines

Symptoms: High heart beat, blood and temp, more alert, euphoria, less appetite, more aggression

Question 18

Meth

Answer 18

Highly addictive, intense euphoria, highly available but long term health risks

Question 19

Amphetamines

Answer 19

Prescribed to ADHD patients to increase neural activity and increase prefrontal cortex activity for impulse control

Question 20

Caffeine

Answer 20

Most common, not potent, increases alertness and antagonizes adenosine for sleep.

Question 21

Nicotine

Answer 21

Highly addictive, increase heart disease, stroke, cancers. Vaping just as dangerous

Question 22

Depressants

Answer 22

Suppress CNS activity, agonist of GABA NT for relaxing

i.e.
Alcohol, barbiturate, benz.

Symptom:
Lower reaction, lower visual accuracy, lower alertness, less control, loss of memory

high physical dependence and psychological dependence possible

Withdrawal symptoms may be life threatening

Question 23

Opioids

Answer 23

Analgesic properties that lower pain. Body makes natural opioids, and drugs mimic this mechanism. high potential for abuse
Opiate: natural opium

I.e.
heroin
Morphine
Codeine
Methdone
oxyodone and hydrocodone

Withdrawal can be lifethreatening and mimic flu symptoms

Question 24

Methdone

Answer 24

Less severe than heroin and helps with withdrawal symptoms

Question 25

Codeine

Answer 25

Lower potency, used for minor pains and OTC, high abuse potential

Question 26

Opioid crisis

Answer 26

136 died per day from opioid usage, pharms advertised pain relieving opioids that were non addictive, but it was false

Question 27

Hypnosis

Answer 27

Extreme self focus and attention
Relaxation and suggestion, draws out deep information
4 parts:
-focus
-comfort
-open (trust)
-Imagine

Theory 1: Dissociations of conscious (ice)

Theory 2: social expectations

Question 28

Meditation

Answer 28

Focus to increase awareness and clear the mind for a relaxed effect