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PSYCH > Ch 9 (EXAM 4) > Flashcards

Ch 9 (EXAM 4) Flashcards

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1
Q

Prenatal Development

A

Stage of development between conception and birth

Stages:
Germinal stage
Embryonic stage
Fetal stage

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2
Q

Germinal stage

A

Conception/implantation
~first 2 weeks
Eggs: Largest cell, women born with all eggs
Sperm: smallest cell

Zygote: Single celled, fertilized egg that travels through the fallopian tube and divides into blastocytes

Blastocytes: bundles of cells divided from zygote that attaches to uterine wall
20-50% shed away

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3
Q

Embryonic stage

A

3rd-8th week
Organogenesis (all major organ systems formed)
Sexual differentiation
Miscarriages MOST common in this stage
Could be caused by severe genetic deformation or inhospitable uterus

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4
Q

Fetal stage

A

2 months to birth
RAPID growth
Maturing of organ system (lungs last to mature)
Development of senses (eyes last to mature)
Development of brain for last 3 months
organized sleep and wake schedules

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5
Q

3 crucial support structures for prenatal development

A
  1. Amniotic sac
    Contains amniotic fluid, helps with environmental shock and temperature control
  2. Placenta
    Passes oxygen and nutrients from parent to embryo/fetus
    Gets rid of waste
    connected to belly button of fetus via umbilical cord
  3. Umbilical cord
    Tube with blood vessels that carry blood between fetus/embryo and placenta
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6
Q

Placental barrier

A

Semipermeable barrier that separates the parent and fetus’ bloods

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7
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents that can cause harm to prenatal organisms via passing through the placental barrier

Fetal alcohol syndrome

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8
Q

Infancy and child development: Physical development and reflexes

A

Automatic, involuntary and unlearned response to stimuli

Aids in survival
-breathing reflex
-sucking reflex
-swallow reflex
-routing reflex

No aid in survival
-grasping reflex

Some reflexes fade with time, some don’t

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9
Q

Infancy and child development: Developmental norms

A

Median age at which people develop behaviors and abilities, also called developmental milestones

rapid over first five years then steady until puberty

Genes and environment affects the timing/speed of motor developments

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10
Q

Infancy and child development: Cognitive/language development

A

Marked by transitions in children’s patterns of thinking (piaget)

Language development is both discontinuous and continuous

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11
Q

Infancy and child development: Temperament

A

Person’s innate characteristics, emotional reactivity and intensity that serves as the building blocks to personality (nature argument)

Easy babies: Ok with change and novelty, not very emotionally reactive and not intense

Slow-to-warm-up babies: Negative reaction to novelty and change but warms up eventually, no intense reactions

Difficult babies: Very intense emotional reaction, stubborn and hates change and novelty, not easy to calm down

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12
Q

Infancy and child development: Attachment

A

Emotional bond between people, first attachment to primary caregiver

How adult responds to infant’s needs determine the TRUST of the infant (trust of caregiver, of the world, and sense of worthiness)

Basic trust: sense that the world is predictable and a trustworthy place

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13
Q

Attachment: behavioral psychologists

A

Thought bond between caregiver and infant was all due to food and feeding

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14
Q

Harlow’s monkey experiment

A

Question: Is it really just food?

Study: Baby monkey separated from parent and put in cage with 2 monkeys. 1 that is just a wire with food and 1 with soft fur

Results: monkey spent MUCH more time with soft monkey. Attachment bonds are not created via food but depends on the sense of security the caregiver gives.

Security is most important in attachment bond as it allows baby to explore the environment safely

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15
Q

Qualities of attachments

A

Secure attachments: Strong, healthy bond
Stay: explore
Leave: upset
come back: easily soothed

Insecure attachments
Anxious, no trust in caregiver
stay: no explore
leave: terrified
come back: angry

Avoidant attachment
No bond
stay/leave/come back: doesn’t care

Quality of attachment long lasting impact on mental health, school, and for future bonding

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16
Q

Adolescent development

A

Transition between childhood and adulthood

Puberty: Sexual maturation and secondary maturation

Sexual maturation: Transition from child to carrying qualities needed for reproduction
Girls 11/2 year faster

Girls: menarche; first period

Boys: semenarche; first ejaculation

Secondary maturation: Secondary sex characteristics in puberty that have no reproductive function
-hair growth
-growth spurt
-adult-like body

17
Q

Adolescent development: cognitive development

A

Brain development
neurons gain more myelins and pruning, efficient and speedy transmission of info

Amygdala matures early and prefrontal cortex matures late
Amygdala in charge of heightened emotions and prefrontal cortex in charge of impulse control and planning
Leads to high risk high reward mindset:
Advantage not scared to take risks and explore identity

Metacognition
Takes other’s perspectives, less egocentric, more hypothetical and evaluates own thinking accurately, more abstract and creative, helps with ID development

18
Q

Maria’s identity statuses

A

2 dimensions: committed/not committed
Crisis/no crisis

Identity achievement: explore/crisis and commitment

Identity moratorium: explore and no commitment

Identity foreclosure: no explore and commit

Identity diffusion: no explore, no commit

19
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

18 years to complete independence

Signs of full-on adulthood such as marriage and children delayed due to extended education

5 characteristics:
1. Identity exploration
2. Instability
3. Self-focused
4. Feelings of in between adult and teen
5. Optimism

20
Q

Adulthood development: Physical development

A

Peak in early adulthood
decline starts in late 30’s-40’s, but gradual
Can be offset by lifestyle changes

late adult hood (65+): Significant sensory decline for most

21
Q

Adulthood development: Cognitive development

A

Stays steady
Intelligence increases through most of adulthood

Late adulthood: declines in speed of cognition, processing and memory that can be offset through activity and mental stimulation

22
Q

Adulthood: social and emotional development

A

2 important things:

  1. Satisfactory work career
  2. Positive relationship with others very important to life satisfaction
23
Q

Controversies of developmental psychology

A

Nature v. Nurture
Children outcome dependent on their biology (nature/temperament) or environment (Attachment)?

Continuous v. Discontinuous
Development is continuous (cumulative and gradual building process) or discontinuous (Unique stages of spontaneous development)?

24
Q

Stage theories

A

Sequences of universal development:
1. Erikson’s Eight stages of life
2. Piaget’s stages of cognitive developmeent

25
Q

Erikson’s Eight stages of life

A

Otome game

Each 8 stages has a “task” that must be resolved to pass onto the next stage and have healthy development

26
Q
  1. Trust v. Mistrust
A

Birth-18 m.o.
Dependable caregiver = trust
Not dependable caregiver= mistrust

27
Q
  1. Autonomy v. shame and doubt
A

18 months - 3 years
“I can do it” stage
Has opportunity to do it alone: autonomy
Doesn’t have opportunity to do it alone: doubt and low self esteem

28
Q
  1. Initiative v. Guilt
A

3-6 years old
Initiating activity and asserting control
Plan and achieve goal initiated: initiative

Plan and fail goal initiated: guilt

29
Q
  1. Industry v. Inferiority
A

6-12 years old
Comparing themselves to peers in school

Successful: industry
not successful: Inferiority

30
Q
  1. ID v. Role confusion
A

12-18 years
Develop sense of self
Success in finding ID: ID
Failure in finding ID: Role confusion

31
Q
  1. Intimacy v. Isolation
A

18-40 years
Sharing life
romantic partner: intimacy
No romance: isolation

32
Q
  1. Generativity v. Stagnation
A

40’s
Contribution to society
Contribution: Generativity
No contribution: stagnation

33
Q
  1. Integrity v. Despair
A

60’s-death
Appreciate life: Integrity
Regret life: despair

34
Q

Piaget’s cognitive theory of development: Sensorimotor

A

0-2 years
experience via movements and sensation
Develops: object permeance (out of sight, still exists)
-Stranger anxiety

35
Q

Piaget’s cognitive theory of development: Preoperational

A

2-7 years
Symbols and language usage
Doesn’t understand adult logic or mentally manipulate information

Develops: pretend play, egocentric, language

Not develop: Conservation

36
Q

Piaget’s cognitive theory of development: Concrete operational

A

7-11 years
Logically thinking about real events, numbers, and memory strategies

Develops: Conservation, Reversability

37
Q

Piaget’s cognitive theory of development: Formal operation

A

Teens
thinks logically about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

PSYCH (18 decks)

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