Chapter 1 (EXAM 1)

Question 1

What is Psychology?

Answer 1

Scientific study of cognition and behaviors for humans and nonhumans.

BRAIN + BODY

Do-> Think -> Feel

Question 2

History of Psychology: Perspectives

Answer 2

Structuralism
Functionalism
Psychodynamics
Behavioralism
Humanism
Cognitive
Sociocultural
Biopsychology

Question 3

Structuralism

Answer 3

Wundt
-INTROSPECTION and CONSCIOUSNESS
-Objectively describing one’s feelings
-Elements of consciousness/determined the structure of consciousness

Question 4

Functionalism

Answer 4

-James
-How people function in the world and adopt to their environment
-Observation of behavior/purpose of behavior

Question 5

Psychodynamics

Answer 5

-Sigmund Freud
-UNCONSCIOUS: tip of the iceberg
-Early childhood events determine personality/mental disorders
-Conflicts: Cynicism & Morality leads to anxiety

Question 6

Behavioralism

Answer 6

-Skinner & Watson
-Only observable events can be studied, things of the mind can’t
-All things can be learned through conditioning

Question 7

Humanistic

Answer 7

-Maslow & Rogers
-Humans have FREE WILL and choice (countered Freudian and Behavioralist’s no choice)
-Born with positive potential and to be good
-Can only reach full potential after achieving basic needs (Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs)

Question 8

Cognitive

Answer 8

-Study of attention, thinking, working memory, language, perception and interpretation
-Study of cognition: how you think and store info

Question 9

Sociocultural Psychology

Answer 9

-How we interact with out society and how we are influenced by each other
-Broader contexts

Question 10

Biopsychology

Answer 10

-Scientific study of the CNS/PNS
-Biology influences behavior, can change our interpretation and questions we ask

Question 11

History of Psychology: Those Left Behind

Answer 11

Old White Men Bias: Psychology has been led by Old white men because women and POC had a difficult time attaining education back then.
Research was also conducted on white people

Question 12

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 12

-First Women to have a PhD in Psychology
-Studied animal cognition and behavior

HTR: Margaret F. W. (First Woman) to get PhD

Question 13

Anna Freud

Answer 13

-Daughter of Sigmund Freud
-Studied women defense mechanisms
-Child psychoanalysis as well

HTR: Opposite of Sigmund

Question 14

Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 14

1st Female APA President

Question 15

Leta Hollingworth

Answer 15

-Challenged intellectual inferiority of women to men
-Proved wrong that women are unable to function during menstruation
-Studied Gifted education

HTR: worth -> of women
Holling-> howling-> moon -> menstruation

Question 16

Inez Prosser

Answer 16

-1st black woman to earn PhD in Psychology
-Wanted to keep segregation in schools to avoid the negative influence of discrimination from teachers and peers

Question 17

Martha Bernal

Answer 17

-1st Latina to earn PhD in Psychology
-Trained people for cultural consciousness in psychology

Question 18

Mamie Phipps Clarke

Answer 18

-Clarke Doll Study -> prejudice leads to self-hatred in young children
-Children can attribute prejudice to race

Question 19

Kenneth Clarke

Answer 19

-First black president of APA
-Assisted with the Clarke Doll Study

HTR: Kennedy- president

Question 20

Francis Cecil Summer

Answer 20

-Father of Black Psychology
-1st Black person to earn PhD in Psychology

HTR: Francis in CP had a PhD (probably)

Question 21

Robert Williams II

Answer 21

-National Association of Black Psychology
-Challenged innate racial differences in intelligence
-Equated cause to lack of Ebonics (ebony + Phonetics)
-Encouraged Cultural homogeneity.

Question 22

Disciplines of Psychology

Answer 22

Often correlated and overlaps

Many times, research questions are so multifaceted, multiple disciplines are required

Question 23

Biopsychology

Answer 23

Biology (NT) affects behavior

Question 24

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 24

Ultimate biological cause of certain behaviors (usually survival mechanism)

Question 25

Sensation & Perception

Answer 25

How perceptions are influenced by our different sensations (Ink test, dress controversy)

Question 26

Cognitive Psychology

Answer 26

Study of cognition (attention, thinking, WM, language)

Question 27

Developmental Psychology

Answer 27

Study the development from child to adulthood

Question 28

Personality Psychology

Answer 28

Patterns of thoughts/behaviors that make an individual unique

Question 29

Social Psychology

Answer 29

How we interact and are influenced by others

Question 30

Industrial- organizational psychology (IO)

Answer 30

Applies psychology in industrial/corporate contexts

Question 31

Sports & Exercise Psychology

Answer 31

Psychological effects of sports performance on mental health

Question 32

Clinical/Counseling Psychology

Answer 32

Diagnosing and treating psychological disorders. Counseling is more geared toward emotional and mental health

Question 33

Forensic Psychology

Answer 33

Psychology in justice/judicial system

Question 34

Careers in Psychology

Answer 34

Masters (Counselor/therapist)

PhD/PSyD
(Clinical Psychologist)

MD
(Psychiatrist)

Question 35

Difference between Clinical Psychologist and Psychiatrist

Answer 35

Psychiatrists need a MD to prescribe medicine, but both can diagnose psychological disorders

Question 36

American Psychological Association (APA)

Answer 36

Represents psychologists in U.S.
Advance and spread psychological knowledge to all