Chapter 2 (EXAM 1)

Question 1

Human Participants

Answer 1

Federally funded research must be approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in order to continue with research

Question 2

IRB requirements

Answer 2

-Benefits of research outweighs the harm
-Requires informed consent
-voluntary participation
-right to privacy
-reveal deceptions
-debrief

Question 3

Informed Consent

Answer 3

Research explained in detail so participants can make informed decisions about their participation

Question 4

Voluntary Participation

Answer 4

Participants can always quit midway, no coercion or pressure to continue

Question 5

Right to Privacy

Answer 5

Participant’s data and personal information cannot be shared or published without consent. Must be confidential and anonymous (does not collect identifying info to begin with)

Question 6

Deception

Answer 6

Purposely misleading participants in order to maintain the integrity of the research
can be used but must have good reason and reveal deception at the end

Tuskegee soldiers and syphillis a case of deception used immorally

Question 7

Debriefing

Answer 7

Chance for participants to ask questions and be given more details about the study towards the end. Any deception used must be explained here as well

Question 8

Animal Subjects

Answer 8

5-8% of research
uses rodents/birds
acceptable substitute of unethical practices on humans (such as medication)
must have good reason and benefit must outweigh the harm

Question 9

Requirements for Animal Subjects

Answer 9

Justify any harm to animals
Animals must be treated in very good living conditions

Question 10

Case study (self report)

Answer 10

In-depth investigation of a certain individual.
usually the first step to learn about something
rare
Fencing

Question 11

Survey (self-report)

Answer 11

Questionnaire to gather information from a large group of people very quickly
fast cheap and efficient
can find out about things that cannot be directly observed
not always accurate (Social desirability bias)

Question 12

Naturalistic Observation (Observation)

Answer 12

Observing people in their most natural environment without telling them that they are being watched
Behavior no longer natural when they know that they are being watched
No conclusion about causation can be drawn (only the outcome)

Question 13

Archival Research (observation)

Answer 13

Using existing data to answer questions. Doesn’t collect new data directly from participants
no control over the data, also shows no causation
may not be the right question and data may also be incomplete
angry tweet and heart disease example

Question 14

Cross-sectional study (How people change over time)

Answer 14

Groups of different aged people are researched at once and then compared to other groups
easier, and faster data
Problem: Cohort/generational effect
causes may not be due to aging itself, but due to generational differences

i.e. technology and hostility with age may not have to do with the process of aging itself, but generational differences

Question 15

Longitudinal (How people change over time)

Answer 15

One group of same aged people are watched over time then compared to their earlier selves
better show of change over time
Problem: extremely time consuming and expensive. A rare method, and usually studied over shorter periods of time.

Question 16

Designing Experiment steps

Answer 16

1. Predict
2. Choose Research Method
3. Collecting Data
4. Interpreting Data
5. Publishing Data

Question 17

Predicting

Answer 17

Formulate a hypothesis
Define operational definitions

Question 18

Hypothesis

Answer 18

Tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables, usually a guess

Question 19

Theory

Answer 19

System of interrelated ideas sued to explain observations

Question 20

Variables

Answer 20

Any measurable events that are either controlled or observed

Question 21

Operational Definition

Answer 21

Precise description of variables, must be exact enough to be replicated

Question 22

Step 2: Choose Research Method

Answer 22

Either longitudinal or Cross sectional

Question 23

Step 3: Collecting data

Answer 23

Select participants

Question 24

Participants

Answer 24

Subject of Research

Question 25

Random Sample

Answer 25

Subset of a larger population
every member of a population has an equal chance of being in the sample
must be representative of the population

Question 26

Population

Answer 26

Entire group you’re interested in learning about

Question 27

Samplling

Answer 27

Choosing people to be in a sample, must be as much like the population as possible to be representative

Question 28

Step 4: Interpreting data

Answer 28

Uses statistical analysis to analyze data

Question 29

Step 5: Reporting Research

Answer 29

Peer-reviewed journal articles
Replication is crucial
Good theory is testable, falsifiable, and fits the evidence

Question 30

Journal

Answer 30

Periodicals that publish technical and scholarly articles

Question 31

Correlation

Answer 31

Relationship between two or more variables

Question 32

Correlation coefficient

Answer 32

Indicates the strength (closer to 1) and direction (negative is indirect, positive is direct correlation) of the relationship

Question 33

Correlation does not equal

Answer 33

Causation

Question 34

Co-founding variables

Answer 34

Another variable that affects both variables that are correlated

Question 35

To make a causal statement, one must…

Answer 35

Do a scientific experiment where there are strict controls on the experiment. Researches must manipulate the variables and observe the other variable, and the experimental difference should be the ONLY difference

Question 36

Independent Variable (IV)

Answer 36

Variable that is being manipulated

Question 37

Dependent Variable (DV)

Answer 37

Variable that is being observed

Question 38

Experimental Group

Answer 38

Gets the manipulation done

Question 39

Control Group

Answer 39

Does not get any manipulation, as close to “normal” as possible
Must be treated exactly like experimental group

Question 40

Experimenter Bias

Answer 40

Researcher collecting data’s bias skews their judgment

Question 41

Single-blind study

Answer 41

Participants unaware which group they are put in

Question 42

Double-blind study

Answer 42

Both participants and researcher collecting data is not aware which group each participant is in

Question 43

Placebo Effect

Answer 43

Expectations influence behavior

Question 44

Placebo

Answer 44

A fake that people think is right; not meant to have any real effect. Helps researchers know if the medication has any actual effect or if its as useful as a placebo (fake)

Question 45

Illusory Correlation

Answer 45

When people believe there is a correlation when there is not (Full moon)

Question 46

Confirmation Bias

Answer 46

When one only sees evidence that proves them true and ignores the one that proves them false (tunnel vision)

Question 47

Random Assignment

Answer 47

Everyone in the sample has an equal chance to be either in the control or exp group

Question 48

Quasi-experimental design

Answer 48

Where the independent variable is not controllable and random assignment is not possible, causation statements cannot be drawn

Question 49

Reliability

Answer 49

How consistently it gives the same result
not always valid

Question 50

Validity

Answer 50

Whether it is accurate or not
Always reliable