Ch 4 Pt. 1 (EXAM 3)

Question 1

Stages of sleep: Awake

Answer 1

Beta waves
Highest frequency (13-30Hz)
Lowest amplitude
Most variability

Question 2

NREM Stage 1

Answer 2

Alpha and Theta waves
Early stage 1: Alpha waves
2nd highest frequency (8-12Hz)
2nd lowest amplitude

Late stage 1: Theta waves
3rd highest frequency (4-7Hz)
2nd highest amplitude

Transition between wake and sleep
slower respiration and heartbeat

Question 3

NREM Stage 2

Answer 3

Theta waves
3rd highest frequency (407Hz)
2nd highest amplitude

Deep relaxation
interrupted with brief sleep spindles and K-complex

Sleep spindles: rapid burst of high frequency wave for learning and memory

K-Complex: high amplitude pattern in response to environmental stimuli

Question 4

NREM Stage 3

Answer 4

Delta waves
Lowest frequency (less than 3Hz)
Highest amplitude

Deep sleep/slow wave sleep
Heart rate and respiration dramatically slower
difficult to wake

Question 5

REM sleep

Answer 5

Rapid eye movement
Similar to wake beta waves (active brain)
Paralysis of voluntary muscles
Paradoxical sleep with high brain activity and little muscle action
Dreaming more likely to occur here, but can occur at any stage
associated with learning and memory
higher physiological arousal with high heartbeat and sexual arousal

Time spent in REM correlated with age, younger = more time in REM

Question 6

REM rebound

Answer 6

If you’re deprived of REM, you’ll spend more time in REM to make up for it

Question 7

Cycle

Answer 7

1232REM232REM232REM…
Goes through each stage multiple times except stage 1
Each stage takes about 90 minutes
Spends less time in stage 3 sleep as sleep continues, more time in REM

Question 8

Freud dreams

Answer 8

Unconscious, taboo and deep desires
Manifest- content: actual content of the dream
latent- content: underlying meaning of dream

usually sex related

Question 9

Dreams

Answer 9

Usually familiar people and place
Affected by daily experiences and cultures
Negative content more remembered

Everyone who is healthy and nonmedicated will dream

Question 10

Activation synthesis theory of dreaming

Answer 10

Dreams are a result of brain attempting to make sense of neural activity in REM sleep

Question 11

Protoconsciousness

Answer 11

Constructing prototype of reality that we may find useful when wake
2 types: social simulation theory and threat simulation theory

Question 12

Social simulation theory

Answer 12

Dreams allow us to rehearse social situations

Question 13

Threat simulation theory

Answer 13

Dreams allow us to rehearse survival strategies

Question 14

REM dreams

Answer 14

More vivid and elaborate

Question 15

NREM dreams

Answer 15

Dull and boring

Question 16

Insomnia

Answer 16

Consistent difficulty in falling/staying asleep
Most common sleep disorder
Self perpetuating
Factors: age, drugs, exercise, mental health, routines

Treatment:
Psychotherapy

Question 17

Parasomnia

Answer 17

Unwanted, disruptive motor activity during sleep
sleep walking
REM sleep behavior disorder
Restless leg syndrome
Night terrors

Question 18

Sleep walking

Answer 18

Somnambulism
walking/driving while sleeping
Eyes open but not responsive
occurs most during stage 3 sleep but can occur at any stage
NOT RE-ENACTING dream
most observed in kids

Question 19

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

Answer 19

Muscle paralysis in REM does not occur, physical activity disturbing sleep, often re-enacting the dreams itself
associated with neurodegenerative diseases
Treatment:
sedatives, clonazepam

Question 20

Restless leg syndrome

Answer 20

Uncomfortable sensations during sleep, especially in the legs
Connected with chronic lung disease and diabetes
Treatments:
Benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants

Question 21

Night terrors

Answer 21

Panic accompanied by screams and attempts to escape
May be triggered by high fever, lack of sleep and extreme stress

Question 22

Sleep apnea

Answer 22

Sleeper’s breathing stops
10-20 seconds long, brief arousal
Higher fatigue, more snoring, loud
2 types: obstructive: block airway, Central: signals from brain disrupted

Treatments: continuous positive airway pressure

Question 23

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Answer 23

Infant stop breathing and dies
Risks:
less than 12 months old, boy
premature
smoking
hyperthermia

Treatments:
infant sleep on back, no suffocating material, no cap, no smoking

Question 24

Narcolespy

Answer 24

Cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times
Cataplexy, where muscles paralysis like REM
Also hallucinations dream like
Episodes may occur with heightened emotions
Treatments: amphetamines

Question 25

Sleep Paralysis

Answer 25

Wake up and feel paralyzed because you regained consciousness, but body is still paralyzed from REM sleep
Occurs when waking/falling asleep
May run in family

Hypnogogic sleep paralysis
paralysis accompanied with hallucinations

Treatments:
sleep on back, less drinking, less stress

Question 26

Consciousness

Answer 26

Awareness of internal and external stimuli

Question 27

Sleep

Answer 27

Low levels of physical activity
Reduced sensory awareness

Question 28

Wakefulness

Answer 28

High levels of sensory awareness, though, and behavior

Question 29

Biological rhythms

Answer 29

Internal rhythm of biological activity such as period

Question 30

Circadian rhythm

Answer 30

Type of bio rhythm that occurs over a period of 24 hours such as sleep

Question 31

Melatonin

Answer 31

Released from pineal gland
regulates biological rhythms/immume system during sleep
Release stimulated by darkness

Question 32

Chronotype

Answer 32

Nightowls, inclination to sleep at specific time differs by person

Question 33

Jet lag

Answer 33

Mismatch between internal circadian rhythm and environment
may lead to fatigue and insomnia

Question 34

Rotating shift work

Answer 34

Inconsistent work schedule, difficult to maintain circadian rhythm, leads to depression and anxiety

Question 35

Sleep debt

Answer 35

Chronically not getting enough sleep, must make up for missed sleep
lower mental efficiency
sleep with lack of motor activity

Question 36

What is sleep?

Answer 36

Interplay of circadian rhythm and homeostatic mechanisms

Question 37

Why sleep?

Answer 37

Evolutionary explanations:
1. sleep to restore resources during day
2. sleep during night to avoid predation
3. sleep has no adaptive function

Cognitive explanations:
1. Sleep is necessary for cognition and memory