Ch 15 (EXAM 5)

Question 1

Criteria for abnormality

Answer 1

Deviance
Maladaptive
Harm to self or others
Personal distress

Just meeting one criteria may mean they have a disorder (except deviance) although it usually meets more than 1 criteria

Question 2

Deviance

Answer 2

Does the person’s behavior fall outside of the normal range of behavior?
Do MOST people do it in this context?

Every culture has different set of social norms, and what is normal in one society may not be in another

Things also change with time, so deviance is not enough alone to diagnose a disorder

Question 3

Maladaptive

Answer 3

Does the behavior interfere with their ability to function in society?

Question 4

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental disorders (DSM-5)

Answer 4

A book of all symptoms/criteria for a disorder that is most widely used and often updated/revised

Can be used to diagnose

Pros:
Easier to communicate
Common ground
Easier for public to know

Cons:
Labeling
Social stigma
Controversial, not always correct or agreed upon

Question 5

Causes of Psychological disorders

Answer 5

Biological approach
Psychological approach
Sociocultural approach
Biopsychosocial approach

Question 6

Biological approach

Answer 6

All disorders are caused by differences in the biology/brain
Problems with NT
Accepts medical model (views disorders as a form of medical disease with biological origins)

Sees disorders as mostly heritable and genetic

Question 7

Psychological approach

Answer 7

Disorders are caused by psychological factors AKA Way you THINK
Treated via changing the way you think

Question 8

Sociocultural approach

Answer 8

Disorders are caused by context in which we live
Societal context plays large role in development of disorder
Treats race/ethnicity/gender differences as able to affect mental health

Question 9

Biopsychosocial approach

Answer 9

Disorders are product of biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences

Question 10

Diathesis-stress model

Answer 10

Example of biopsychosocial approach
Inherited biological predisposition and environmental stress/trigger leads to disorder

Question 11

Prevalence of psychological disorders

Answer 11

Over 1 in 5 adults in US have psychological disorder during any given year

Over 1 in 20 have severe mental illness

Women and younger people more likely to have disorders

Nearly 50% will have a disorder at some point in their lifetime

Question 12

Anxiety disorder

Answer 12

Marked by feelings of excessive apprehension, fear, and tension

Very common: 19% US adults; 31% in lifetime

Most common class of psychological disorders

Types:
Generalized anxiety disorder
Social anxiety disorder
Phobic disorder
Panic disorder

Question 13

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 13

Marked by chronic, high level of anxiety not tied to any specific threat
Anxiety that something terrible with no rationale will happen

Common symptoms:
Feeling on edge, expends a lot of energy
Fatigue
Sleep disturbances
Difficulty concentrating
Irritability
Physical symptoms such as illness from prolonged stress

Question 14

Social anxiety disorder

Answer 14

Marked by debilitating fear of being negatively evaluated by other people
Thinks everybody is watching and judging them
Extreme self-consciousness in social situation, leading to avoiding social interactions whenever possible
May rely on substances such as alcohol to tolerate interactions

1/8 people will have this some time in life

Physical symptoms:
Blushing
Trembling, excessive sweating
Hyperaware of these symptoms, vicious cycle

Question 15

Phobic disorder

Answer 15

Persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation that presents little or no real threat
May be learned/observed
Interferes with ability to function (maladaptive)
Usually accompanied by intense physical arousal
Recognizes the irrationality but still can’t remain calm around phobia
Many types, but some are more common than others

Question 16

Panic disorder

Answer 16

Characterized by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that occurs suddenly unexpectedly and without reason

Symptoms:
Pounding heart/palpitations
Sweating
Trembling
Shortness of breath
Chest pains
Nausea
Dizziness (Combined can make them think they have a heart attack)

Incredibly sudden and can be unpleasant/embarrassing
Fear of panic attack leads to agoraphobia fear of public spaces

3% of adults, more common in women during early adulthood, may co-occur with depression

Question 17

Obsessive Compulsive and related disorders

Answer 17

OCD
Hoarding disorder
Excoriation disorder
Trichotillomania
Body dysmorphia

Question 18

Obsession

Answer 18

Persistent, recurring irrational thoughts or images
THOUGHTS

Question 19

Compulsions

Answer 19

Irresistible impulses/behaviors to perform over and over again, senseless behavior or ritual performed often to neutralize obsessive thoughts

Question 20

OCD

Answer 20

Consists of persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts and urges to engage in senseless rituals
Most late teens/early adulthood
1% of population

Question 21

Hoarding disorder

Answer 21

Persistent difficulty throwing stuff away
Both compulsion and obsession (possibly)

Question 22

Excoriation disorder

Answer 22

Compulsive picking at the skin
Just compulsion (behavior)

Question 23

Trchiotillomania

Answer 23

Pulling out hair
Just compulsion (behavior)

Question 24

Body dysmorphia disorder

Answer 24

Obsessive preoccupancy with defect in appearance
perceive defects in appearance that’s not there and over emphasize that defect
Just obsession (thoughts)

Question 25

Trauma and Stress related disorders

Answer 25

Newest category in DSM-5
PTSD

Question 26

PTSD

Answer 26

Post traumatic stress disorder
Long term psychological disturbances due to traumatic event
Traumatic event may be:
Actual or threatened death
Serious injury
Sexual violence
Indirect observation

Symptoms:
Uncontrollable vivid sensory experiencing the event in flashbacks or nightmares

Avoidance, avoiding triggers, avoiding emotions by numbing mood and lack of pleasure

Chronic heightened arousal and reactivity, always alert, hyperaware and tightly wound, leading to irritability and recklessness

Quite common
7% of US adults at one point in life time, more in women than men, events caused by a person more likely to cause PTSD
More people in traumatic jobs (vets), and or POC and racial minority from systematic racism

Question 27

Mood disorders

Answer 27

Class of disorders marked by severe disturbances in mood and emotions that are incredibly extreme and long lasting and debilitating, impacting ability to function
Includes:
Depressive disorders
Bipolar and related disorders

Question 28

Major depressive disorder (Depression)

Answer 28

Persistent feelings of sadness, despair, disinterest in pleasurable activities

Emotional symptoms:
Hopelessness
Self-hatred, guilt
Anhedonia (loss of pleasure in previously pleasurable activities)

Cognitive symptoms:
Inability to concentrate
Impaired judgment, thoughts of death and lack of motivation

Physical symptoms:
Fatigue
Sleep problems (insomnia)
Appetite and weight change
Slower movement/speech

Very common
17% of people experience depression in lifetime
More common in adult/after adolescent women, before adolescent, equal rates between genders

Episodic: comes and goes
Depressive episode: lasts many months then come out, then go back.
50% will experience second episode after first, more episodes means greater risk for future episodes

Question 29

Other depressive disorders

Answer 29

Seasonal depression
Post-partum depression
Persistent depressive disorder

Question 30

Seasonal depression

Answer 30

Depression affected by season, related to time of year usually during winter where days are shorter with less sunlight
rare summer

Question 31

Post-partum depression

Answer 31

Depression in the year after giving birth, unrelenting and long-lasting and maladaptive (unlike baby blues)
Symptoms related to pregnancy, birth, hormones, change of life and responsibilities
Recurrent for next baby
More common if had depression before

Question 32

Persistent depressive disorder

Answer 32

Milder but longer lasting depression
Has the symptoms but less severe and not maladaptive
Always feels more down than normal (not normal) but not enough to be meeting criteria for depression
Can last for years or entire life

Question 33

Bipolar and related disorders

Answer 33

Marked by extreme mood swings
Typically including depressive and manic episodes (manic-depression)
Manic episodes: state of extreme elation, euphoria, and agitation. Can include:
Inflated self esteem
Irritability and agitation
Impulsivity
Physical agitation (hyperactive)

Alternates between manic and depressive episodes that may last anywhere from days to months; alternating between 2 extremes. If lesser time between cycles, more extreme

Lifetime prevalence around 4% of US adults, similar number of men and women

Question 34

Dissociative disorders

Answer 34

Dissociation: state of mind in which a person feels disconnected from their immediate experience
Everyone may experience dissociation mildly (mindless driving)
Happens very often for a disorder and is persistent, long, and random (uncontrollable)

Disruptions in a person’s identity and memory
Thought that this is to cope with very extreme stress and to protect oneself

Question 35

Dissociative amnesia

Answer 35

Sudden loss of memory not due to an injury to brain
Memory loss of important information and specific events

Generalized amnesia: Lose all personal memories

Localized amnesia: Loss of memories of traumatic event

Question 36

Dissociative fugue

Answer 36

Sudden loss of memory of identity followed by fleeing to a new place and often adopting a new identity
May or may not come back

Question 37

Dissociative Identity disorder (DID)

Answer 37

Multiple personality disorder
presence of 2 or more distinct identities in same body, split of core sense of self

Other identities are:
Often very different, distinct
May or may not know each other
Completely different ages, sex, gender
Vary in number 2-100 (Avg 10)

Often suffered severe abuse as children
Very controversial diagnosis

Question 38

Schizophrenia

Answer 38

Characterized by delusions and psychosis
Psychosis: State in which a person’s perceptions and thoughts are removed from reality

1% in lifetime
First diagnose early adulthood or late adolescence, but men diagnosed earlier, equal rates
May be sudden onset or gradual

Causes:
Genetic mostly coupled with environmental factors
Pregnancy complications

Recovery:
15-20% fully recover
80% will not fully recover but may recover and relapse
some may never recover, lifelong care

Question 39

Positive symptoms

Answer 39

Distortion or excess of normal function outside of what is accepted as normal in that culture
Hallucinations
Delusions
Disordered thinking (maybe behavior)

Question 40

Negative symptoms

Answer 40

Symptoms that take away from normal function, noticeable absence or decrease of certain behaviors, emotions, or motivations
Affective flattening (no emotion)
Avolition (no motivation)
Alogia (no talking)

Question 41

Hallucinations

Answer 41

Perceptual experience in the absence of a stimuli
Usually auditory hallucinations of critical/demeaning things
Hallucinations and delusions often work together, making delusions hard to dispel

Question 42

Delusions

Answer 42

Beliefs contrary to reality that is firmly held, dependent on culture

Question 43

Delusions of persecution

Answer 43

Most common
False belief that others are plotting to harm them

Question 43

Referential delusions

Answer 43

Delusion that everything in this world is talking/meant for them

Question 44

Grandiose delusions

Answer 44

Belief that one holds special power, knowledge, and is important (religious)

Question 45

Disorganized thinking

Answer 45

Incoherent thought, rambling and illogical remarks
Unusual, confusing ways of thinking

Question 46

Disorganized motor behavior

Answer 46

Unusually active, unusual mannerisms, body movements and facial expressions
Catatonic behavior (negative symptom): Decreased reactivity to environment

Question 47

Most people with mental illness…

Answer 47

Are not violent. Usually those who are have delusions of persecution or are comorbid with substance abuse

But most will perform violence on themselves (Self-inflicted)