Chapter 8 Part 2

Question 1

Vert. Column: Amphibians-

Answer 1

single cerv. vertebra.; allows little head movement

Question 2

Vert. column: Reptiles-

Answer 2

usually 7 cerv. vertebrae/incr. flexi. of head

Question 3

Vert column: Birds-

Answer 3

variable number of cerv. vertebrae

Question 4

Vert column: Mammals-

Answer 4

usually 7 cerv. vertebrae

Question 5

Rept.,birds, mamm.: 1st two cerv. verbrae. are modified/called

Answer 5

atlas and axis

Question 6

Atlas; 1st cerv. vertebra; ring like, provides…

Answer 6

‘cradle’ where skull can ‘rock’ (nodding yes)

Question 7

Axis; 2nd cerv. vertebra-

Answer 7

twisting movemnet

Question 8

Animals with ribs confined to anterior region of trunk

Answer 8

Crocs, lizards, birds/mamm.

Question 9

vertebrae bet. cerv./sacrals when

Answer 9

all articulate with similar ribs (fish, amph./snakes)

Question 10

single bony complex of fused vert.; found when more than 1 sacral vertebra-

Answer 10

Sacrum

Question 11

Sacral vertebrae-

Answer 11

short transv. proc. that brace pelvic girdle/hindlimbs against vertebral column

Question 12

Anurans-unique terminal segment called

Answer 12

urostyle

Question 13

Birds-last 4 or 5 caudal vert. fused to form

Answer 13

pygostyle

Question 14

Apes/humans-last 3-5 caud. vert. fused to form

Answer 14

coccygeal bone (tailbone)

Question 15

Specialzns. Turtles:

Answer 15

append. sket. lies within rib cage

Question 16

Specialzns Snakes:

Answer 16

add. sets of zygapophyses to resist incr. tendency of torsion

Question 17

Specialzns Birds:

Answer 17

Have highly mobile cerv. vert.-greater movement/reach

Question 18

Water envr. Probm: drag. Solution-

Answer 18

streamlining

Question 19

Water envr. Probm: orientation in 3D space. Solution-

Answer 19

paired fins

Question 20

Land envr. Probm:gravity/transm. of propulsive forces. Solution-

Answer 20

weight of body suppt. by limbs/suspended by vert. column

Question 21

Land envr.: Arch must be maintd. to avoid…

Answer 21

mechanical stress-abdominal musc./sternum

Question 22

Neural Spines: Height: is proport. to levrg. musc. needed to

Answer 22

stabilize vert. column

Question 23

Reptiles-axial musc. less specialized. for rapid locom.-

Answer 23

spines on trunk about= in height and orientation

Question 24

Mammals spine height varies w/ specialized

Answer 24

functions of vert. regions

Question 25

Mechanical demands differ between

Answer 25

water and land lifestyles

Question 26

Different designs for different

Answer 26

mechanical problems