Chapter 2 Flashcards
Animals must be equipped to handle…
biological and physical demands
Smaller animals are influenced…
more by surface forces
larger animals are influenced more…
by gravity
large animals enclose more…
volume per unit of surface area
A change in size requires a change in…
design to maintain overall performance
Bergmann’s rule:
larger animals thrive in colder environments
Allen’s rule:
animals in cold climates have shorter, thicker limbs and bodily appendages than animals in warm climates
Volume and Mass:
are proportional
Volume and Mass: strength of limbs is…
proportional to their cross-sectional area
Bones of large animals are more…
robust to meet supportive demand
Allometry-
a change in shape in correlation with a change in size
To remain functionally balanced, animals must alter…
body design as length, mass, and surface area increase at different rates-Have different shapes at different ages
Isometry/Isometric growth-
animal grows proportionate and remains constant
Transformation grids-
overall changes in shape comparing a reference structure to a derived structure
Terrestrial vertebrates have an upper size limit…
supportive limbs become so big locomotion becomes impractical
