Chapter 8 Part 1

Question 1

Axial skeleton=

Answer 1

notochord +vert. column

Question 2

Axial skeleton-

Answer 2

site for muscle attachment
supports weight, suspends body, locomotion
protects spinal cord

Question 3

Vertebrae-consists of

Answer 3

centrum, 1 or 2 arches, various processes

Question 4

(5) The Centra Shapes are

Answer 4

Amphicoelous(both)
Opisthocoelous (back)
Procoelous (front)
Acoelous (absent)
Heterocoelous

Question 5

Amphicoelous (both)-

Answer 5

Biconcave (at both ends)
Allows limited motion in most directions

Question 6

Opisthocoelous (back)-

Answer 6

concave in back/covex in front. Extsv. motion in most directions w/o stretching nerve cord

Question 7

Procoelous (front)-concave in…

Answer 7

front/convex in back

Question 8

Acoelous (absent)-

Answer 8

flat ended; handles compressive forces well

Question 9

Heterocoelous-

Answer 9

saddle shaped centrum at both ends.
Allows lateral/vertical flexion but prevents wringing/rotation

Question 10

Amphicoelous (both) animals:

Answer 10

most fish, few salamanders

Question 11

Opisthocoelous (back) animals

Answer 11

most salamanders, some mammals

Question 12

Procoelous (front) animals

Answer 12

present day reptiles/anurans

Question 13

Acoelous (absent) animals

Answer 13

some mammals

Question 14

Heterocoelous animals

Answer 14

birds, some turtles

Question 15

Vertebral processes: projection from arches/centra; give rigidity to

Answer 15

column, articulate w/ribs or sites for muscle attachments

Question 16

Most common type of process; extend laterally form base of neural arch or centrum

Answer 16

Transverse process

Question 17

articulate with ribs-

Answer 17

Diapophyses and parapophyses

Question 18

articulate w/one another and limit flexion/ torsion of vert. column

Answer 18

Prezygapophyses and postzygapophyses

Question 19

Sternum-

Answer 19

midventral skeletal strt; secures ventral tips of true ribs; origin for chest muscles

Question 20

Gastralia-abdominal ribs posterior to

Answer 20

sternum in some verts; dermal origin

Question 21

Gastralia: animals are…

Answer 21

crocs, tuatara, some lizards
Sites for muscle attch./support for abdomen

Question 22

Plastron-ventral bony plate: In…

Answer 22

turtles
Fused dermal elements on floor of shell