chapter 8 memory recognition

Question 1

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Answer 2

recall

Question 3

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

Answer 3

recognition

Question 4

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

Answer 4

relearning

Question 5

the processing of information into the memory system – for example, by extracting meaning.

Answer 5

encoding

Question 6

the retention of encoded information over time.

Answer 6

storage

Question 7

the process of getting information out of memory storage.

Answer 7

retrieval

Question 8

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Answer 8

sensory memory

Question 9

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

Answer 9

Short-term memory

Question 10

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Answer 10

Long-term memory

Question 11

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Answer 11

Working memory

Question 12

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative memory.)

Answer 12

explicit memory

Question 13

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Answer 13

effortful processing

Question 14

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Answer 14

automatic processing

Question 15

retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called nondeclarative memory.)

Answer 15

implicit memory

Question 16

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Answer 16

iconic memory

Question 17

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Answer 17

chunking

Question 18

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

Answer 18

mnemonics

Question 19

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Answer 19

spacing effect

Question 20

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

Answer 20

testing effect

Question 21

encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.

Answer 21

shallow processing

Question 22

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

Answer 22

deep processing

Question 23

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Answer 23

hippocampus

Question 24

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Answer 24

flashbulb memory

Question 25

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Answer 25

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

Question 26

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

Answer 26

priming

Question 27

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

Answer 27

serial position effect

Question 28

an inability to form new memories

Answer 28

anterograde amnesia

Question 29

an inability to retrieve information from one’s past.

Answer 29

retrograde amnesia

Question 30

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Answer 30

proactive interference

Question 31

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

Answer 31

retroactive interference

Question 32

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from conscious anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Answer 32

repression

Question 33

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

Answer 33

misinformation effect

Question 34

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experience, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.

Answer 34

source amnesia

Question 35

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Answer 35

déjà vu