Chapter 5 developing through the life span recall Flashcards
developmental psychology
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
zygote
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of a rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.
embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.
fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.
teratogens
(lit monster maker) agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial disproportions.
habituation
decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior ,relatively uninfluenced by experience.
cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.
assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.
accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.
egocentrism
in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.
preoperational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.
conservation
the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remains the same despite changes in the forms of objects.
theory of mind
people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental state – about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
concrete operation stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
formal operation stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
stranger anxiety
the feat of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.
attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.
critical period
an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.
imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
basic trust
according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.
Self-concept
our understanding and evaluation of who we are.
adolescence
the transition from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.
puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.
primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.
secondary sex characteristics
Non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.
menarche
the first menstrual period.
identity
our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidity a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.
social identity
the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group membership.
intimacy
in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.
emerging adulthood
for some people in modern cultures, a period from late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence.
menopause
the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.
Cross-sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are compared to one another
longitudinal study
research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.
social clock
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
