chapter 13 Personality recognition

Question 1

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

Answer 2

psychodynamic theories

Question 3

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Answer 3

free association

Question 4

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

Answer 4

psychoanalysis

Question 5

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

Answer 5

unconscious

Question 6

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Answer 6

id

Question 7

the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in was that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Answer 7

ego

Question 8

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

Answer 8

superego

Question 9

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Answer 9

psychosexual stages

Question 10

according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

Answer 10

Oedipus complex

Question 11

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos.

Answer 11

identification

Question 12

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

Answer 12

fixation

Question 13

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Answer 13

defense mechanisms

Question 14

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

Answer 14

repression

Question 15

Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.

Answer 15

collective unconscious

Question 16

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.

Answer 16

projective test

Question 17

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

Answer 17

Rorschach inkblot test

Question 18

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

Answer 18

Terror-management theory

Question 19

view personality with a focus on the potential of healthy personal growth.

Answer 19

Humanistic theories

Question 20

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

Answer 20

Self-actualization

Question 21

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

Answer 21

unconditional positive regard

Question 22

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

Answer 22

Self-concept

Question 23

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

Answer 23

trait

Question 24

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

Answer 24

personality inventory

Question 25

the most widely research and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Answer 25

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Question 26

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

Answer 26

empirically derived test

Question 27

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

Answer 27

Social-cognitive perspective

Question 28

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

Answer 28

reciprocal determinism

Question 29

the extend to which perceive control over our environment.

Answer 29

personal control

Question 30

the perception that change or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.

Answer 30

external locus of control

Question 31

the perception that you control you own fate.

Answer 31

Internal locus of control

Question 32

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.

Answer 32

Self-control

Question 33

the hopelessness and passive resignation on animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

Answer 33

learned helplessness

Question 34

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

Answer 34

positive psychology

Question 35

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

Answer 35

Self-serving bias

Question 36

excessive self-love and self-absorption.

Answer 36

narcissism