chapter 14 social psychology recognition

Question 1

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to each other.

Answer 1

social psychology

Question 2

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition.

Answer 2

attribution theory

Question 3

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Answer 3

fundamental attribution error

Question 4

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Answer 4

attitude

Question 5

occurs when people influenced by incidental cues, such as the speaker’s attractiveness.

Answer 5

peripheral route persuasion

Question 6

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

Answer 6

central route persuasion

Question 7

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Answer 7

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Question 8

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position out to behave.

Answer 8

role

Question 9

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

Answer 9

cognitive dissonance theory

Question 10

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with group standard

Answer 10

conformity

Question 11

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Answer 11

normative social influence

Question 12

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

Answer 12

informational social influence

Question 13

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Answer 13

social facilitation

Question 14

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Answer 14

social loafing

Question 15

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Answer 15

deindividualization

Question 16

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Answer 16

group polarization

Question 17

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Answer 17

groupthink

Question 18

an unjustifiable (and unusually negative) attitude toward of group and its members. Prejudice generally involve stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory actions.

Answer 18

prejudice

Question 19

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often exaggerated) belief about a group of people.

Answer 19

stereotype

Question 20

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

Answer 20

discrimination

Question 21

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Answer 21

Just-word phenomenon

Question 22

“Us”- people whom we share a common identity

Answer 22

ingroup

Question 23

“Them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Answer 23

outgroup

Question 24

the tendency to favor our own group

Answer 24

ingroup bias

Question 25

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Answer 25

scapegoat theory

Question 26

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias.

Answer 26

Other-race effect

Question 27

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Answer 27

aggression

Question 28

the principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Answer 28

Frustration-aggression principle

Question 29

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

Answer 29

social script

Question 30

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Answer 30

mere exposure effect

Question 31

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present in the beginning of love relationship.

Answer 31

passionate love

Question 32

the affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

Answer 32

companionate love

Question 33

a condition in which people from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

Answer 33

equity

Question 34

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

Answer 34

Self-disclosure

Question 35

unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

Answer 35

altruism

Question 36

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Answer 36

bystander effect

Question 37

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Answer 37

social exchange theory

Question 38

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

Answer 38

reciprocity norm

Question 39

an expectation that people will help those dependent on them.

Answer 39

Social-responsibility norm

Question 40

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

Answer 40

conflict

Question 41

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Answer 41

social trap

Question 42

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

Answer 42

Mirror-image perceptions

Question 43

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

Answer 43

superordinate goals

Question 44

Graduated and Reciprocated initiatives in Tension-Reduction – a strategy to decrease international tensions.

Answer 44

GRIT