chapter 3 consciousness and the two-track mind recognition

Question 1

our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

Answer 1

consciousness

Question 2

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

Answer 2

cognitive neuroscience

Question 3

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

Answer 3

dual processing

Question 4

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.

Answer 4

blindsight

Question 5

the focusing of conscious awareness on particular stimulus.

Answer 5

selective attention

Question 6

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

Answer 6

inattentional blindness

Question 7

failing to notice changes in the environment.

Answer 7

change blindness

Question 8

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

Answer 8

circadian rhythm

Question 9

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

Answer 9

REM sleep

Question 10

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

Answer 10

Alpha waves

Question 11

periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness-as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

Answer 11

Sleep

Question 12

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

Answer 12

hallucinations

Question 13

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

Answer 13

delta waves

Question 14

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

Answer 14

Insomnia

Question 15

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

Answer 15

narcolepsy

Question 16

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

Answer 16

sleep apnea

Question 17

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terror occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

Answer 17

Night terrors

Question 18

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

Answer 18

Dream

Question 19

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

Answer 19

manifest content

Question 20

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).

Answer 20

latent content

Question 21

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).

Answer 21

REM rebound

Question 22

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

Answer 22

hypnosis

Question 23

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.

Answer 23

posthypnotic suggestion

Question 24

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.

Answer 24

dissociation

Question 25

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.

Answer 25

psychoactive drug

Question 26

the diminishing effect with regular use of the some dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger does before experiencing the drug’s effect.

Answer 26

tolerance

Question 27

compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences.

Answer 27

addiction

Question 28

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.

Answer 28

withdrawal

Question 29

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.

Answer 29

physical dependence

Question 30

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.

Answer 30

psychological dependence

Question 31

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

Answer 31

depressants

Question 32

(popularly known as alcoholism). Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal if suspended, and a drive to continue use.

Answer 32

alcohol dependence

Question 33

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

Answer 33

Barbiturates

Question 34

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessoning pain and anxiety.

Answer 34

Opiates

Question 35

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

Answer 35

Stimulants

Question 36

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

Answer 36

Amphetamines

Question 37

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco.

Answer 37

Nicotine

Question 38

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

Answer 38

Methamphetamine

Question 39

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

Answer 39

Ecstasy (MDMA)

Question 40

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

Answer 40

hallucinogens

Question 41

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).

Answer 41

LSD

Question 42

an altered sate of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

Answer 42

Near-death experience

Question 43

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

Answer 43

THC