chapter 3 consciousness and the two-track mind recognition Flashcards

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1
Q

our awareness of ourselves and our environment.

A

consciousness

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2
Q

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

A

cognitive neuroscience

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3
Q

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

A

dual processing

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4
Q

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.

A

blindsight

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5
Q

the focusing of conscious awareness on particular stimulus.

A

selective attention

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6
Q

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

inattentional blindness

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7
Q

failing to notice changes in the environment.

A

change blindness

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8
Q

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

A

circadian rhythm

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9
Q

rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.

A

REM sleep

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10
Q

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.

A

Alpha waves

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11
Q

periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness-as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

A

Sleep

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12
Q

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.

A

hallucinations

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13
Q

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

A

delta waves

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14
Q

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.

A

Insomnia

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15
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

A

narcolepsy

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16
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

A

sleep apnea

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17
Q

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terror occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.

A

Night terrors

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18
Q

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

A

Dream

19
Q

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

A

manifest content

20
Q

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).

A

latent content

21
Q

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).

A

REM rebound

22
Q

a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.

A

hypnosis

23
Q

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.

A

posthypnotic suggestion

24
Q

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.

A

dissociation

25
Q

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.

A

psychoactive drug

26
Q

the diminishing effect with regular use of the some dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger does before experiencing the drug’s effect.

A

tolerance

27
Q

compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences.

A

addiction

28
Q

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.

A

withdrawal

29
Q

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.

A

physical dependence

30
Q

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.

A

psychological dependence

31
Q

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.

A

depressants

32
Q

(popularly known as alcoholism). Alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal if suspended, and a drive to continue use.

A

alcohol dependence

33
Q

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.

A

Barbiturates

34
Q

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessoning pain and anxiety.

A

Opiates

35
Q

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

A

Stimulants

36
Q

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

A

Amphetamines

37
Q

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco.

A

Nicotine

38
Q

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.

A

Methamphetamine

39
Q

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

A

Ecstasy (MDMA)

40
Q

psychedelic (“mind-manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

A

hallucinogens

41
Q

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).

A

LSD

42
Q

an altered sate of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

A

Near-death experience

43
Q

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

A

THC