Chapter 7 Learning recall Flashcards

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1
Q

learning

A

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

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2
Q

associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).

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3
Q

stimulus

A

any event or situation that evokes a response.

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4
Q

cognitive learning

A

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.

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5
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

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6
Q

behaviorism

A

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

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7
Q

neutral stimulus (NS)

A

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.

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8
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth).

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9
Q

unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response (UR).

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10
Q

conditioned response (CR)

A

in classical conditioning, a learning response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

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11
Q

conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

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12
Q

acquisition

A

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

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13
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neural stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts that tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning)

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14
Q

extinction

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

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15
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

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16
Q

discrimination

A

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

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17
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

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18
Q

law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

19
Q

operant chamber

A

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key picking

20
Q

reinforcement

A

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

21
Q

shaping

A

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

22
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

23
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after response, strengthens the response (not a punishment).

24
Q

primary reinforcer

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

25
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer.

26
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

27
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforcing the the desired response every time it occurs.

28
Q

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction that does continuous reinforcement.

29
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

30
Q

Variable-ratio schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after an unpredictable number of responses

31
Q

Fixed-interval schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

32
Q

Variable-interval schedule

A

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

33
Q

respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

34
Q

operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

35
Q

cognitive map

A

a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map out of it.

36
Q

latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

37
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

38
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

39
Q

observational learning

A

learning by observing others.

40
Q

modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

41
Q

mirror neurons

A

frontal lobe neurons that some scientist believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy.

42
Q

punishment

A

an event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows.

43
Q

prosocial behavior

A

positive constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial.