Chapter 5 developing through the life span recogniton

Question 1

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

Answer 1

developmental psychology

Question 2

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of a rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.

Answer 2

zygote

Question 3

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

Answer 3

embryo

Question 4

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

Answer 4

fetus

Question 5

(lit monster maker) agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Answer 5

teratogens

Question 6

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial disproportions.

Answer 6

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 7

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

Answer 7

habituation

Question 8

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior ,relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Answer 8

maturation

Question 9

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Answer 9

cognition

Question 10

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Answer 10

schema

Question 11

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

Answer 11

assimilation

Question 12

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

Answer 12

accommodation

Question 13

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Answer 13

sensorimotor stage

Question 14

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

Answer 14

object permanence

Question 15

in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

Answer 15

egocentrism

Question 16

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Answer 16

preoperational stage

Question 17

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remains the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Answer 17

conservation

Question 18

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental state – about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Answer 18

theory of mind

Question 19

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

Answer 19

concrete operation stage

Question 20

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

Answer 20

formal operation stage

Question 21

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

Answer 21

stranger anxiety

Question 22

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Answer 22

attachment

Question 23

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development.

Answer 23

critical period

Question 24

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

Answer 24

imprinting

Question 25

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

Answer 25

basic trust

Question 26

our understanding and evaluation of who we are.

Answer 26

Self-concept

Question 27

the transition from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Answer 27

adolescence

Question 28

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Answer 28

puberty

Question 29

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

Answer 29

primary sex characteristics

Question 30

Non-reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Answer 30

secondary sex characteristics

Question 31

the first menstrual period.

Answer 31

menarche

Question 32

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidity a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

Answer 32

identity

Question 33

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group membership.

Answer 33

social identity

Question 34

in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.

Answer 34

intimacy

Question 35

for some people in modern cultures, a period from late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence.

Answer 35

emerging adulthood

Question 36

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.

Answer 36

menopause

Question 37

a study in which people of different ages are compared to one another

Answer 37

Cross-sectional study

Question 38

research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

Answer 38

longitudinal study

Question 39

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Answer 39

social clock