chapter 11 Motivation and Work recall

Question 1

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 1

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Question 2

homeostasis

Answer 2

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Question 3

incentive

Answer 3

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates.

Question 4

hierarchy of needs

Answer 4

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Question 5

glucose

Answer 5

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Question 6

Set point

Answer 6

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Question 7

basal metabolic rate

Answer 7

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

Question 8

sexual response cycle

Answer 8

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Question 9

refractory period

Answer 9

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Question 10

sexual disorder

Answer 10

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

Question 11

estrogens

Answer 11

sex hormones, such as estradriol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting.

Question 12

testosterone

Answer 12

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Question 13

sexual orientation

Answer 13

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).

Question 14

flow

Answer 14

a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills.

Question 15

Industrial-organization (I/O) psychology

Answer 15

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

Question 16

personnel psychology

Answer 16

a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development.

Question 17

organizational psychology

Answer 17

a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change.

Question 18

human factors psychology

Answer 18

a subfield of I/O psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.

Question 19

structured interviews

Answer 19

interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rate on established scales.

Question 20

achievement motivation

Answer 20

a desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of skills or ideas; for rapidly attaining a high standard.

Question 21

task leadership

Answer 21

Goal-oriented leader that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals.

Question 22

social leadership

Answer 22

Group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflicts, and offers supports.