Chapter 7 7.3 Flashcards
Decision Making - Risky decisions
Usually involves a mixture of intuition and rational thinking.
Evaluating Options
A careful examination or overall appraisal of something, particularly to determine its worth, value, or desirability.
Attributes
The specific characteristics of a person that influence their behavior and thoughts.
Multiple attributes
Characterizes an emergent property of individuals within their social practice.
Fairness/equality
Everyone gets the same thing.
Utility
In decision making any subjective measure of value.
Estimating probability - expected value
The total benefit to be expected of a decision if it were repeated on several occasions.
Gains, losses, probabilities
Our pain over losing a certain amount is usually greater than the pleasure we fell after gaining the same amount.
Gambler’s Fallacy
The belief that the chances of something happening with a fixed probability become higher or lower as the process is repeated.
Degree of bias in humans
The tendency to make decisions or take action in a unknowingly irrational way.
Group Polarization
A psychological phenomenon in which the beliefs, attitudes, and decisions of groups tend to be more amplified or more extreme then those held by individual group members.
Social loafing
What happens when someone puts less effort when they’re judged as part of a group.
Groupthink
A phenomenon that occurs when a group of well-intentioned people makes irrational or non-optimal decisions spurred by the urge to conform or the belief that disset is immpossible.
Brainstorming
A creativity technique in which a group of people interact to suggest ideas spontaneously in response to a prompt.
Language
Symbols (and a set of rules for combining them) that are used as a means of communicating.
Phenomes & Morphemes
The smallest recognizable unit of sound.
The smallest unit of meaning in a language.
Grammar - syntax & semantics
A set of rules for combining the symbols, such as words, used in a given language.
Structure - surface - deep
A relatively stable arrangement of elements or components organized to form an integrated whole
Understanding - bottom up vs top-down
Bottom up is when the environment (stimuli) influence our thinking
top-down processing is when our thinking influences how we see (perceive) the environment.
Development
How people change
First year - babbling/ gesturing & one word
Repetitions of syllables; the first sound infants make that resemble speech.
A stage of language development during which children tend to use one word at a time.
Second year - two word stage
Third year - complex sentences
Acquisition
The moment when a response is established based on conditioning
Conditioning, imitation, rules
For of learning where a stimulus was given.
Biological bases (critical period) & bilingualism
A speakers ability to use languages for communication.
Explores the ways in which biological factors impact behavior
Debates - Animals & culture ( Determinism)
How they change based on how they grew up.
