Chapter 3 3.3

Question 1

Perception Definition

Answer 1

The process through which people take raw sensations and give them meaning using knowledge, experience, and understanding of the world.

Question 2

perception paradox - failures

Answer 2

A statement illustrating the failure of a formula to predict what we perceive from what our senses transduce

Question 3

Three approaches

Answer 3

Computation - Use precise mathematical models to sense behavioral data better.

Constructivist approach - more a theory of knowledge than a system of therapy.
Ex. Allow two pairs of students to teach each other.

Ecological approach - Focuses on the perception and control of behaviors that occur naturally, that is, outside the laboratory.

Question 4

psychophysics

Answer 4

The psychology subfield is devoted to studying physical stimuli and their interactions with sensory systems.

Question 5

Absolute simulation

Answer 5

Children use their emotions to predict what others will do; we project our mental states onto others.

Question 6

Supraliminal stimulation

Answer 6

Stimuli that are perceived above the threshold and thus are detected at the level of consciousness.

Question 7

Single detection

Answer 7

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulation (“signal”) amid background stimulation (“noise”)

Question 8

A signal vs. noise

Answer 8

The signal is the meaningful information that you’re trying to detect. Noise is the random, unwanted variation or fluctuation that interferes with the signal.

Question 9

Setting the response criteria

Answer 9

This is equivalent to setting alpha error in a hypothesis testing situation.

Question 10

Physical state

Answer 10

Of or relating to the body, as distinguished from the mind & spirit.

Question 11

Consequences

Answer 11

The result, either negative or positive, of a person’s actions.

Question 12

Experience

Answer 12

Affective and cognitive functions, including memory, imagination, language, reason, and beliefs.

Question 13

Outcomes - FA, Hit, CR, Miss

Answer 13

A result of an experience, treatment, or other events.

The accurate identification of a signal in a signal detection task.

The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.

Miss exposes the observer to the stimulus, but the observer does not acknowledge the present stimulus.

Question 14

Weber’s Law -JND

Answer 14

The smallest amount that something has to change for the difference to be detected 50% of the time. The size of the JND is a constant proportion to the original stimulus magnitude.

Question 15

Organizing the world - visual capture

Answer 15

Processes structuring visual information into coherent units.

Question 16

perceptual organization

Answer 16

The processes structuring visual information into coherent units.

Question 17

Figure Ground relations

Answer 17

The relationship between a subject or figure and the background against which it is set and stands out (or not), how we perceive and distinguish discreate things.

Question 18

Grouping

Answer 18

A set of principles which indicate that humans naturally perceive objects as organized patterns.

Question 19

Laws - proximity

Answer 19

The way relationships are formed between things close to one another.

Question 20

Similarity

Answer 20

Personality =, attitudes, values, interests, and attraction shared between two individuals.

Question 21

Continuity

Answer 21

The ability to continue the same way indefinitely

Question 22

Closure

Answer 22

The illusion of seeing an incomplete stimulus as though it were whole.

Question 23

Texture

Answer 23

Perception of the surface characteristics of an object or substance, typically using touch or visual texture.

Question 24

Simplicity

Answer 24

The mind draws interpretations of the world mental models or mental representations - that are as simple as possible, or, at least, that are biased towards simplicity.

Question 25

Common Fate

Answer 25

The tendency to group objects together that share a common motion or destination.

Question 26

New Laws - synchrony

Answer 26

The occurrence of meaningful coincidences that seem to have no cause.

Question 27

Common region

Answer 27

Items are perceived as a group/ assumed to share some common characteristics or functionality.

Question 28

Connect

Answer 28

Based on the phenomenon of emotional, physical, and share cognitive experiences that people have stated they have had to sense feelings, harm, or awareness.

Question 29

Location & distance - rising fastball

Answer 29

A perceptual illusion due to the hitter underestimating original speed of the pitch.

Question 30

Moon illusions

Answer 30

An optical illusion in which the moon appears more prominent when it is closer to the horizon than when it is higher in the sky.

Question 31

Monocular cues

Answer 31

All the ways that a single eye helps you see and process what you’re looking at

Question 32

Brightness

Answer 32

The perceptual correlate of light intensity.

Question 33

Linear

Answer 33

A type of depth prompt that the human eye perceives when viewing two parallel lines that appear to meet at a distance.

Question 34

Perspective

Answer 34

Interpretations of psychology that help professionals in the field understand an individual.

Question 35

Interposition

Answer 35

A type of monocular cue in which one object partially obscures or covers another object, giving the perception the object that is partially hidden is farther away.

Question 36

Relative height

Answer 36

We perceive objects that are higher in our field of vision to be farther away than those that are lower.

Question 37

Relative size

Answer 37

A perceptual clue that allows you to determine how close objects are to an object of known size.

Question 38

Clarity

Answer 38

A state of mind in which you are more focused and your perception is clear.

Question 39

Texture Gradient

Answer 39

A monocular cue - it can be seen by eye alone. You don’t need both eyes. Changes over time as the object gets closer or further away from you.

Question 40

Motion Parallax

Answer 40

The type of depth perception cue in which close objects appear and move faster than objects further away.

Question 41

Binocular cues - Accommodation

Answer 41

Adaptation is when a child or adult develops new schema or modifies existing ones to accommodate further information different from what you already know.

Question 42

Retina Disparity

Answer 42

The left and right fields of vision provide slightly different visual images when focusing on a single object.

Question 43

Convergence

Answer 43

How data from different sensory modalities are combined to form a perception.

Question 44

Movement - Stroboscopic (phi phen.)

Answer 44

A perceptual phenomenon in which an appearance of motion (or lack of motion) occurs when the stimulus is not viewed continuously but in distance separate stages.

Question 46

Looming

Answer 46

An image suddenly appears larger (looms) on the retina of the viewer it causes the viewer to perceive that the image is coming closer or retreating.

Question 47

Perceptual Constancy

Answer 47

The tendency of animals and humans to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, color, or location regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance, or lighting size, shape, brightness.