Chapter 3 3.3 Flashcards
Perception Definition
The process through which people take raw sensations and give them meaning using knowledge, experience, and understanding of the world.
perception paradox - failures
A statement illustrating the failure of a formula to predict what we perceive from what our senses transduce
Three approaches
Computation - Use precise mathematical models to sense behavioral data better.
Constructivist approach - more a theory of knowledge than a system of therapy.
Ex. Allow two pairs of students to teach each other.
Ecological approach - Focuses on the perception and control of behaviors that occur naturally, that is, outside the laboratory.
psychophysics
The psychology subfield is devoted to studying physical stimuli and their interactions with sensory systems.
Absolute simulation
Children use their emotions to predict what others will do; we project our mental states onto others.
Supraliminal stimulation
Stimuli that are perceived above the threshold and thus are detected at the level of consciousness.
Single detection
A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulation (“signal”) amid background stimulation (“noise”)
A signal vs. noise
The signal is the meaningful information that you’re trying to detect. Noise is the random, unwanted variation or fluctuation that interferes with the signal.
Setting the response criteria
This is equivalent to setting alpha error in a hypothesis testing situation.
Physical state
Of or relating to the body, as distinguished from the mind & spirit.
Consequences
The result, either negative or positive, of a person’s actions.
Experience
Affective and cognitive functions, including memory, imagination, language, reason, and beliefs.
Outcomes - FA, Hit, CR, Miss
A result of an experience, treatment, or other events.
The accurate identification of a signal in a signal detection task.
The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.
Miss exposes the observer to the stimulus, but the observer does not acknowledge the present stimulus.
Weber’s Law -JND
The smallest amount that something has to change for the difference to be detected 50% of the time. The size of the JND is a constant proportion to the original stimulus magnitude.
Organizing the world - visual capture
Processes structuring visual information into coherent units.
perceptual organization
The processes structuring visual information into coherent units.
Figure Ground relations
The relationship between a subject or figure and the background against which it is set and stands out (or not), how we perceive and distinguish discreate things.
Grouping
A set of principles which indicate that humans naturally perceive objects as organized patterns.
Laws - proximity
The way relationships are formed between things close to one another.
Similarity
Personality =, attitudes, values, interests, and attraction shared between two individuals.
Continuity
The ability to continue the same way indefinitely
Closure
The illusion of seeing an incomplete stimulus as though it were whole.
Texture
Perception of the surface characteristics of an object or substance, typically using touch or visual texture.
Simplicity
The mind draws interpretations of the world mental models or mental representations - that are as simple as possible, or, at least, that are biased towards simplicity.
Common Fate
The tendency to group objects together that share a common motion or destination.
New Laws - synchrony
The occurrence of meaningful coincidences that seem to have no cause.
Common region
Items are perceived as a group/ assumed to share some common characteristics or functionality.
Connect
Based on the phenomenon of emotional, physical, and share cognitive experiences that people have stated they have had to sense feelings, harm, or awareness.
Location & distance - rising fastball
A perceptual illusion due to the hitter underestimating original speed of the pitch.
Moon illusions
An optical illusion in which the moon appears more prominent when it is closer to the horizon than when it is higher in the sky.
Monocular cues
All the ways that a single eye helps you see and process what you’re looking at
Brightness
The perceptual correlate of light intensity.
Linear
A type of depth prompt that the human eye perceives when viewing two parallel lines that appear to meet at a distance.
Perspective
Interpretations of psychology that help professionals in the field understand an individual.
Interposition
A type of monocular cue in which one object partially obscures or covers another object, giving the perception the object that is partially hidden is farther away.
Relative height
We perceive objects that are higher in our field of vision to be farther away than those that are lower.
Relative size
A perceptual clue that allows you to determine how close objects are to an object of known size.
Clarity
A state of mind in which you are more focused and your perception is clear.
Texture Gradient
A monocular cue - it can be seen by eye alone. You don’t need both eyes. Changes over time as the object gets closer or further away from you.
Motion Parallax
The type of depth perception cue in which close objects appear and move faster than objects further away.
Binocular cues - Accommodation
Adaptation is when a child or adult develops new schema or modifies existing ones to accommodate further information different from what you already know.
Retina Disparity
The left and right fields of vision provide slightly different visual images when focusing on a single object.
Convergence
How data from different sensory modalities are combined to form a perception.
Movement - Stroboscopic (phi phen.)
A perceptual phenomenon in which an appearance of motion (or lack of motion) occurs when the stimulus is not viewed continuously but in distance separate stages.
Looming
An image suddenly appears larger (looms) on the retina of the viewer it causes the viewer to perceive that the image is coming closer or retreating.
Perceptual Constancy
The tendency of animals and humans to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, color, or location regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance, or lighting size, shape, brightness.
