Chapter 3 3.1 Flashcards
Sensation & perception - transduction
Transduction is the process of converting incoming energy into nerve cell activity.
Stimulus detection
Sensations shape behaviors and mental processes by providing the vital link between the self and the world outside the brain.
Psychophysics
The branch of psychology that deals with relationships between physical stimuli and mental phenomena.
Absolute threshold-sensory & unconscious
The smallest amount of energy can be detected 50 percent of the time.
Sensory adaptation-habituation
Decreasing responsiveness to an unchanging stimulus over time.
Encoding problems/encoding
Translation of the physical properties of a stimulus into a specific pattern of neural activity.
Specific energy doctrine
The discovery that stimulation of a particular sensory nerve provides codes only for that sense, no matter how the stimulation takes place.
Codes - temporal & spatial
Spatial refers to space - temporal refers to time.
Wavelength (hue) vs. amplitude
The distance between peaks in a wave of light or sound.
The distance between the peaks and the baseline of the wave.
Light-radiant/reflected, Additive/subtractive
The physical dimension of light waves refers to their length and produces sensations of different colors.
Light intensity
A physical dimension of light waves that refers to how much energy the light contains and that determines our experience of its brightness.
Hue
The dominant wavelength of light determines the essential color.
Cornea & Sclera
The curved, transparent, protective layer through which light rays enter the eye.
The white outer layer of the eye.
Anterior chamber - aqueous humor
The front part of the eye is between the cornea and the iris.
The clean fluid fills the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea.
Pupil, Iris, & Lens - accommodation
An opening in the eye just behind the cornea through which light passes
The part of the eye that gives it its color and adjusts the amount of light entering it.
The part of the eye directly behind the pupil.
Posterior chamber and vitreous humor
Production and circulation of aqueous humor.
The transparent gelatinous tissue fills the eyeball behind the lens.
Retina - Fovea
The surface at the back of the eye onto which the lens focuses light rays.
A region in the center of the retina.
Optic nerve - blind spot
A bundle of fibers that carries visual information to the brain.
The point at which the optic nerve exits the eyeball.
Ganglion Cells - Amacrine cells
Projection neurons of the vertebrate retina.
The intrinsic interneurons of the inner retina represent the most diverse class of neurons in the retina.
Bipolar cells - Horizontal cells
Interneurons in the retina (vision) transfer visual information from photoreceptions (rods/cones) amacrine.
The lateral interconnecting neurons in the inner nuclear (bipolar) layer of the retina of mammalian eyes.
Rods & Cones
Photoreceptors in the retina allow sight even in dim light but that cannot distinguish colors.
Photoreceptors in the retina are less light-sensitive than rods but cannot distinguish colors.
Thalamus (LGN) - forebrain
A relay station of all incoming motor (movement) and sensory information - hearing, taste, sight, and touch.
The anterior part of the brain, includes the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus.
Visual cortex - lobe?
To receive, segment, and integrate visual information.
The occipital lobe of the primary cerebral cortex.
Theories - color deficiency supports
Trichromatic theory.
The inability to discriminate between colors and to perceive color hues.
Trichromatic vs. opponent process
A theory of color vision states that information from three types of visual elements combines to produce the sensation of color.
A theory of color visual states that the visual elements sensitive to color are regrouped into red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white pairs.
Feature detection vs. parallel processing
Specialized brain cells that react to certain stimuli, such as edges, lines, angles, or movement.
The ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality.
Color constancy vs context
The tendency to perceive a familiar object as having the same color under different illumination conditions.
Color constancy is achieved by taking context information into account.
problems - myopia
Behavior is based on the pursuit of short-term results and represents an action regarding what one wants now without considering any future consequences.
Hyperopia
A refractive error due to an abnormally short eyeball.
Astigmatism contrafact
A visual disorder in which the light rays of a visual stimulus do not all focus at a single point of the retina due to uneven curvature of the cornea or lens
Macular degeneration
Individual expectations, beliefs, ambitions, and obligations, as perceived by the employer and the worker….
an eyeball disease that can blur your central vision.
