Chapter 3 3.1

Question 1

Sensation & perception - transduction

Answer 1

Transduction is the process of converting incoming energy into nerve cell activity.

Question 2

Stimulus detection

Answer 2

Sensations shape behaviors and mental processes by providing the vital link between the self and the world outside the brain.

Question 3

Psychophysics

Answer 3

The branch of psychology that deals with relationships between physical stimuli and mental phenomena.

Question 4

Absolute threshold-sensory & unconscious

Answer 4

The smallest amount of energy can be detected 50 percent of the time.

Question 5

Sensory adaptation-habituation

Answer 5

Decreasing responsiveness to an unchanging stimulus over time.

Question 6

Encoding problems/encoding

Answer 6

Translation of the physical properties of a stimulus into a specific pattern of neural activity.

Question 7

Specific energy doctrine

Answer 7

The discovery that stimulation of a particular sensory nerve provides codes only for that sense, no matter how the stimulation takes place.

Question 8

Codes - temporal & spatial

Answer 8

Spatial refers to space - temporal refers to time.

Question 9

Wavelength (hue) vs. amplitude

Answer 9

The distance between peaks in a wave of light or sound.

The distance between the peaks and the baseline of the wave.

Question 10

Light-radiant/reflected, Additive/subtractive

Answer 10

The physical dimension of light waves refers to their length and produces sensations of different colors.

Question 11

Light intensity

Answer 11

A physical dimension of light waves that refers to how much energy the light contains and that determines our experience of its brightness.

Question 12

Hue

Answer 12

The dominant wavelength of light determines the essential color.

Question 13

Cornea & Sclera

Answer 13

The curved, transparent, protective layer through which light rays enter the eye.

The white outer layer of the eye.

Question 14

Anterior chamber - aqueous humor

Answer 14

The front part of the eye is between the cornea and the iris.

The clean fluid fills the space in the front of the eyeball between the lens and the cornea.

Question 15

Pupil, Iris, & Lens - accommodation

Answer 15

An opening in the eye just behind the cornea through which light passes

The part of the eye that gives it its color and adjusts the amount of light entering it.

The part of the eye directly behind the pupil.

Question 16

Posterior chamber and vitreous humor

Answer 16

Production and circulation of aqueous humor.

The transparent gelatinous tissue fills the eyeball behind the lens.

Question 17

Retina - Fovea

Answer 17

The surface at the back of the eye onto which the lens focuses light rays.

A region in the center of the retina.

Question 18

Optic nerve - blind spot

Answer 18

A bundle of fibers that carries visual information to the brain.

The point at which the optic nerve exits the eyeball.

Question 19

Ganglion Cells - Amacrine cells

Answer 19

Projection neurons of the vertebrate retina.

The intrinsic interneurons of the inner retina represent the most diverse class of neurons in the retina.

Question 20

Bipolar cells - Horizontal cells

Answer 20

Interneurons in the retina (vision) transfer visual information from photoreceptions (rods/cones) amacrine.

The lateral interconnecting neurons in the inner nuclear (bipolar) layer of the retina of mammalian eyes.

Question 21

Rods & Cones

Answer 21

Photoreceptors in the retina allow sight even in dim light but that cannot distinguish colors.

Photoreceptors in the retina are less light-sensitive than rods but cannot distinguish colors.

Question 22

Thalamus (LGN) - forebrain

Answer 22

A relay station of all incoming motor (movement) and sensory information - hearing, taste, sight, and touch.

The anterior part of the brain, includes the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus.

Question 23

Visual cortex - lobe?

Answer 23

To receive, segment, and integrate visual information.

The occipital lobe of the primary cerebral cortex.

Question 24

Theories - color deficiency supports

Answer 24

Trichromatic theory.

The inability to discriminate between colors and to perceive color hues.

Question 25

Trichromatic vs. opponent process

Answer 25

A theory of color vision states that information from three types of visual elements combines to produce the sensation of color.

A theory of color visual states that the visual elements sensitive to color are regrouped into red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white pairs.

Question 26

Feature detection vs. parallel processing

Answer 26

Specialized brain cells that react to certain stimuli, such as edges, lines, angles, or movement.

The ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality.

Question 27

Color constancy vs context

Answer 27

The tendency to perceive a familiar object as having the same color under different illumination conditions.

Color constancy is achieved by taking context information into account.

Question 28

problems - myopia

Answer 28

Behavior is based on the pursuit of short-term results and represents an action regarding what one wants now without considering any future consequences.

Question 29

Hyperopia

Answer 29

A refractive error due to an abnormally short eyeball.

Question 30

Astigmatism contrafact

Answer 30

A visual disorder in which the light rays of a visual stimulus do not all focus at a single point of the retina due to uneven curvature of the cornea or lens

Question 31

Macular degeneration

Answer 31

Individual expectations, beliefs, ambitions, and obligations, as perceived by the employer and the worker….

an eyeball disease that can blur your central vision.