Chapter 3 3.4

Question 1

Bottom-up processing - words letters (kids)

Answer 1

Aspects of recognition that depend first on information about stimuli that come up to the brain from the sensory systems.

Question 2

Top-down processing - words (adults)

Answer 2

Aspects of recognition guided by higher-level cognitive processes and by psychological factors such as expectations.

Question 3

Network processing

Answer 3

Send signals along a network that connects to your visual and motor cortices in your brain that then send signals to the neurons connected to your arm, hand, finger muscles so you can lift your hand.

Question 4

Superiority effects - object & word

Answer 4

The phenomenon where people remember pictures better than they remember the corresponding words.

Question 5

PDP - connectionist models

Answer 5

suggest that knowledge is distributed rather than being localized and that it is retrieved through spreading activation among connections.

Question 6

Culture and experience - 2D pictures (hunting)

Answer 6

Focuses on the ways in which cultural processes shape cognitive, motivation, emotion, and behavior and the conditions that lead to different patterns of functioning across contexts.

Question 7

Perception and development

Answer 7

How children start taking in, interpreting, and understanding sensory input.

Question 8

Habituation Vs. Dishabituation

Answer 8

Habituation involves the diminished response to a frequency repeated stimulus.

Dishabituation is the fast recovery of a response that has undergone habituation.

Question 9

Triangle - corner at 30 days

Answer 9

Guide to working with emotions scan edges at 60 days.

Question 10

Newborns

Answer 10

Human faces at 1 hour
Better than adults for animal faces at 6 months
Focus on human face discrim by 9 months
Relative motion/retinal disparity at 3 months
Texture gradient & linear perspective after 3 months

Question 11

Recognizing the perceptual world
3 aspects

Answer 11

Attention improves mental processing
Effort
Limited resources

Question 12

Shifting overt vs covert

Answer 12

Overt behavior refers to the outside acts that follow the inside thought or intention and are apparent or obvious to others.

Covert behavior refers to the internal thoughts or motives that result in outward overt actions.

Question 13

Mind reading

Answer 13

The capacity to judge and capture a person’s intentions, beliefs, and personality traits based on his or her behavior.

Question 14

Processing involved in attentional shifts

Answer 14

Inhibition to decrease attentional resources to unwanted or irrelevant inputs.

Question 15

Cues speed processing

Answer 15

The fluency with which the brain receives, understands and records the information

Question 16

Directing attention

Answer 16

The allocation of attention in a “directed” manner to specific information or cognitive processes.

Question 17

Selective

Answer 17

The process that allows an individual to select and focus on particular input for further processing while suppressing irrelevant information

Question 18

Voluntary vs. Involuntary

Answer 18

Voluntary is the type of human behavior that humans beings can control and often depend on humans wants.
Involuntary is when an individual can’t regulate or control their behavior.

Question 19

Ignoring information - inattentional blindness

Answer 19

“confirmation bias” is the tendency to seek out and prefer information that supports our processing beliefs.
Inattentional blindness when you don’t continuously register seeing visual stimuli that passes through your line of vision.