Chapter 3 3.2 Flashcards
Frequency
The number of complete waves, or cycles that pass a given point per unit of time.
Amplitude
The distance between the peak and the baseline of a wave.
Auditory Transmission
The cochlea of the inner ear, where sounds are detected by sensory hair cells and then transmitted to the central nervous system by spiral ganglion cells.
Outer ear - Pinna
The crumpled part of the outer ear collects sound waves.
Outer ear - tympanic membrane (eardrum)
A tightly stretched membrane in the middle ear generates vibrations that match the sound waves striking it.
Middle ear (ossicles)
Called the malleus, incus, and stapes. These three ossicles connect the tympanic membrane to the inner ear, allowing for the transmission of sound waves.
Inner ear - Oval Window
A connective tissue membrane is located at the end of the middle ear and the beginning of the inner ear. Part of the ear contains the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, which transmit sound from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
Basilar Membrance
The floor of the fluid-filled duct that runs through the cochlea.
Organ of Corti
An organ of the inner ear located within the cochlea which contributes to audition.
Hair Cells & Tectorial Membrane
The hair cells within the organ of corti have stereocilia that attach to the tectorial membrane.
Pathway - auditory nerve
A nerve connecting the inner ear with the brain and carrying nerve impulses concerned with hearing and balance.
Auditory Cortex
A network of areas in the part of the brain that receives inputs from the subcortical auditory pathways in the brain stem and thalamus.
Theories - Place
The location on the basilar membrane activated during sound sensation corresponds to the pitch of the sound perceived.
Theories - Frequency
The speed at which the neural impulse travels through the auditory nerve corresponds to the pitch. - Low pitches that are high.
Sound Location
Refers to our ability to identify the direction of a sound source.
Deafness
It occurs when a person cannot understand sound, even when sound is amplified.
Deafness - Conduction
Due to a disruption in sound vibrations before they reach the nerve endings of the inner ear.
Deafness - Sensorineural
Any cause of hearing loss due to a pathology of the cochlea, auditory nerve, or CNS.
Deafness - Central
Results from damage to he cochlear nuclei or the central pathways that relay auditory information to the auditory cortex.
Deafness - Tinnitus
The perception of sound does not have an external source, so other people cannot hear it. - rinning in the ear
Taste (gestation)
The sense that detects chemicals in a solution that comes into contact with receptors inside the mouth. Also called gustatory perception.
5 Flavors - umami, water?
Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami
Papillae
Help grip food when your teeth are crewing.
Taste buds
Can have dozens of receptor cells that send signals of sour, sweet, salty, and bitter through nerve channels to the brain.
Microvilli
The primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.
Gustatory nerve
Trasducts chemical taste stimuli into electrical signals and then transfers them to one of the three cranial nerves involved in the sense of taste.
Cranial nerves (medulla)
Send electrical signals between your brain, face, neck, and torso.
Thalamus & Cortex
Information relay station. Relays sensory impulses from receptors in various body parts to the cerebral cortex.
Smell (Olfactory)
The sense that detects airborne chemicals.
Pheromones
A chemical signal released outside the body by members of a species influences the behavior of other members of the same species.
Olfactory Bulb
A brain structure that receives messages regarding smell.
Sensory Interactions - Smell & Taste
The areas of the sensory cortex that respond to taste in very similar locations are areas that respond to smell receptors that respond to molecules in the food we ear or in the air we breathe.
Somaesthetics Processes
Perceptions of one’s own body - touch, pressure, pain, vibration, and thermal sensitivity.
Kinesthetic sense
The perception of body movement
Vestibular sense - semicircular canals
It allows us to move smoothly and maintain balance.
Cutaneous Senses
Any of the senses dependent on skin receptors sensitive to contact, pressure, vibration, temperature, or pain.
Free Never endings - pain & temp (cold/warm)
Can detect temperature and mechanical stimuli.
Basket cell fibers - touch & pressure
Cells that synapse onto the somata and proximal dendrites of their principal cell targets.
Gate control theory - endorphins
Pain signals are sent to the brain from the spinal cord.
Magnetic Sense
A sense which allows an organism to detect the earth’s magnetic field.
