Chapter 3 3.2

Question 1

Frequency

Answer 1

The number of complete waves, or cycles that pass a given point per unit of time.

Question 2

Amplitude

Answer 2

The distance between the peak and the baseline of a wave.

Question 3

Auditory Transmission

Answer 3

The cochlea of the inner ear, where sounds are detected by sensory hair cells and then transmitted to the central nervous system by spiral ganglion cells.

Question 4

Outer ear - Pinna

Answer 4

The crumpled part of the outer ear collects sound waves.

Question 5

Outer ear - tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Answer 5

A tightly stretched membrane in the middle ear generates vibrations that match the sound waves striking it.

Question 6

Middle ear (ossicles)

Answer 6

Called the malleus, incus, and stapes. These three ossicles connect the tympanic membrane to the inner ear, allowing for the transmission of sound waves.

Question 7

Inner ear - Oval Window

Answer 7

A connective tissue membrane is located at the end of the middle ear and the beginning of the inner ear. Part of the ear contains the hammer, anvil, and stirrup, which transmit sound from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.

Question 8

Basilar Membrance

Answer 8

The floor of the fluid-filled duct that runs through the cochlea.

Question 9

Organ of Corti

Answer 9

An organ of the inner ear located within the cochlea which contributes to audition.

Question 10

Hair Cells & Tectorial Membrane

Answer 10

The hair cells within the organ of corti have stereocilia that attach to the tectorial membrane.

Question 11

Pathway - auditory nerve

Answer 11

A nerve connecting the inner ear with the brain and carrying nerve impulses concerned with hearing and balance.

Question 12

Auditory Cortex

Answer 12

A network of areas in the part of the brain that receives inputs from the subcortical auditory pathways in the brain stem and thalamus.

Question 13

Theories - Place

Answer 13

The location on the basilar membrane activated during sound sensation corresponds to the pitch of the sound perceived.

Question 14

Theories - Frequency

Answer 14

The speed at which the neural impulse travels through the auditory nerve corresponds to the pitch. - Low pitches that are high.

Question 15

Sound Location

Answer 15

Refers to our ability to identify the direction of a sound source.

Question 16

Deafness

Answer 16

It occurs when a person cannot understand sound, even when sound is amplified.

Question 17

Deafness - Conduction

Answer 17

Due to a disruption in sound vibrations before they reach the nerve endings of the inner ear.

Question 18

Deafness - Sensorineural

Answer 18

Any cause of hearing loss due to a pathology of the cochlea, auditory nerve, or CNS.

Question 19

Deafness - Central

Answer 19

Results from damage to he cochlear nuclei or the central pathways that relay auditory information to the auditory cortex.

Question 20

Deafness - Tinnitus

Answer 20

The perception of sound does not have an external source, so other people cannot hear it. - rinning in the ear

Question 21

Taste (gestation)

Answer 21

The sense that detects chemicals in a solution that comes into contact with receptors inside the mouth. Also called gustatory perception.

Question 22

5 Flavors - umami, water?

Answer 22

Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, and umami

Question 23

Papillae

Answer 23

Help grip food when your teeth are crewing.

Question 24

Taste buds

Answer 24

Can have dozens of receptor cells that send signals of sour, sweet, salty, and bitter through nerve channels to the brain.

Question 25

Microvilli

Answer 25

The primary surface of nutrient absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 26

Gustatory nerve

Answer 26

Trasducts chemical taste stimuli into electrical signals and then transfers them to one of the three cranial nerves involved in the sense of taste.

Question 27

Cranial nerves (medulla)

Answer 27

Send electrical signals between your brain, face, neck, and torso.

Question 28

Thalamus & Cortex

Answer 28

Information relay station. Relays sensory impulses from receptors in various body parts to the cerebral cortex.

Question 29

Smell (Olfactory)

Answer 29

The sense that detects airborne chemicals.

Question 30

Pheromones

Answer 30

A chemical signal released outside the body by members of a species influences the behavior of other members of the same species.

Question 31

Olfactory Bulb

Answer 31

A brain structure that receives messages regarding smell.

Question 32

Sensory Interactions - Smell & Taste

Answer 32

The areas of the sensory cortex that respond to taste in very similar locations are areas that respond to smell receptors that respond to molecules in the food we ear or in the air we breathe.

Question 33

Somaesthetics Processes

Answer 33

Perceptions of one’s own body - touch, pressure, pain, vibration, and thermal sensitivity.

Question 34

Kinesthetic sense

Answer 34

The perception of body movement

Question 35

Vestibular sense - semicircular canals

Answer 35

It allows us to move smoothly and maintain balance.

Question 36

Cutaneous Senses

Answer 36

Any of the senses dependent on skin receptors sensitive to contact, pressure, vibration, temperature, or pain.

Question 37

Free Never endings - pain & temp (cold/warm)

Answer 37

Can detect temperature and mechanical stimuli.

Question 38

Basket cell fibers - touch & pressure

Answer 38

Cells that synapse onto the somata and proximal dendrites of their principal cell targets.

Question 39

Gate control theory - endorphins

Answer 39

Pain signals are sent to the brain from the spinal cord.

Question 40

Magnetic Sense

Answer 40

A sense which allows an organism to detect the earth’s magnetic field.